Caring for the pt w cardiac disease

Question 1

Evolution of arterial wall changes in response to injury

Answer 1

Atherosclerosis

Question 2

Atherosclerotic plaques can lead to what 2 things?

Answer 2

Ischemia
Thrombosis

Question 3

• Stiffens vessels which reduces blood flow
• Depending on location of flow, it damages endothelium which leads to
  clotting disorders and more infarct risk
• Same issue of altered flow creating risk for stroke, kidney disease and
  dementia
  Increases risk for:
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Stroke
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Peripheral artery disease
  • Heart failure
  • Retinopathy
  • End-stage renal disease

Answer 3

HTN

Question 4

Side-effects of pharmacotherapy for ______:
➢ Dry mouth (anti-adrenergics and diuretics)
➢ Burning mouth (ACEi)
➢ Taste changes (antiadrenergics, ACEi)
➢ Angioedema (ACEi, ARB)
➢ Gingival hyperplasia (calcium-channel blockers, what are the other 2?)
➢ Lichenoid reactions (thiazides, methyldopa, propranolol, and labetalol)
➢ Lupus-like lesions (hydralazine)

Answer 4

HTN

Question 5

• Chest pain resultant from ischemic changes
➢Mid-chest pain described as
o“aching, heavy squeezing pressure or tightness”
• Pain may radiate
➢Shoulder, arms, jaw
• Pain lasts 5-15 minutes
➢ If unstable angina, may be longer
• Vasodilation used to resolve angina

Answer 5

Angina pectoris

Question 6

______ angina
➢Imbalanced cardiac perfusion
➢Stable symptoms, reproducible, predictable, consistent
➢Chest pain precipitated by physical activity/exertion
➢Resolves with cessation of activity
➢Responds to nitroglycerin

Answer 6

Stable

Question 7

_____ angina
➢Disruption of atherosclerotic plaque
➢Possible partial thrombosis, embolism or vasospasm
➢Symptoms increasing
➢Chest pain at rest or with less intense physical activity/exertion

Answer 7

Unstable

Question 8

• dilated ventricles with weak muscles
• thickened myocardium
• decreased function of heart with increased size of heart

Answer 8

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Question 9

Valvular ______
➢ Do not open properly

Answer 9

Valvular Stenosis

Question 10

Valvular _____:
➢ Do not close properly
➢ Associated with regurgitation

Answer 10

Valvular Insufficiency