Caribou Migration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Born in Calcutta

A

Subhankar Banerjee

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2
Q

Studied electrical engineering in India before moving to the US to complete a master’s degree in physics and computer science at New Mexico State University

A

Subhankar Banerjee

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3
Q

What career did Banerjee begin with

A

Career in science, working first for the Los Alamos National Laboratory and then for the Boeing Company

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4
Q

What club did Banerjee join while living in New Mexico

A

the Sierra Club

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5
Q

What did Banerjee begin doing while living in New Mexico

A

He began hiking in the mountains bringing along a camera and studying photography as a hobby

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6
Q

What was the major transition that turned Banerjee’s career towards the visual arts

A

Banerjee visited Churchill in northern Manitoba, Canada to take pics of polar bears and there were many others there to do that too. He had a desire to see polar bears in the wild untrammeled by tourism or industry

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7
Q

Described Banerjee’s career transition

A

Scholar Finis Dunaway

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8
Q

What did Banerjee do after quitting his job at Boeing

A

He cashed out his retirement savings and traveled to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska

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9
Q

How long did Banerjee spend at the ANWR

A

14 months

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10
Q

When was ANWR established

A

1960

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11
Q

How big did ANWR get

A

It doubled in size and comprised nearly of 20 million acres

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12
Q

What portion of the ANWR maintains ecological protection

A

The vast majority of the inland territory of the ANWR is ecologically protected, while a small strip along the Beaufort Sea does not maintain the same level of protection

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13
Q

What did the discovery of oil in the coastal plain trigger

A

Decades-long political battles over whether the land should be environmentally protected or drilled for oil

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14
Q

Campaigned on a pro-drilling platform along with advocated attempted to initiate drilling in the ANWR

A

President George W. Bush

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15
Q

An advocate for President Bush to initiate drilling in the ANWR

A

Alaska’s Senator Frank Murkowski

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16
Q

Pros on drilling

A

Potential economic impact, contending it could create new jobs and lower the price of oil for consumers, and it could make the US less reliant on foreign oil

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17
Q

What did opponents of drilling say

A

They expressed concern about the environmental repercussions of drilling in terms of its impact on the ecosystems as well as on Indigenous people in the area and argued that the US should find other ways to become less reliant on fossil fuels

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18
Q

Where did Banerjee publish many of his photographs to

A

The book “Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land”

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19
Q

“Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land” includes tests contributed by

A

Environmentalists

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20
Q

“Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land” caught the attention of

A

Curators at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

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21
Q

What did the curators at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History arrange

A

An exhibition of Banerjee’s arctic photographs to open in spring 2003

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22
Q

When did the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History want to open an exhibition of Banerjee’s arctic photographs

A

Spring 2003

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23
Q

During a debate on the U.S. Senate floor, what topic was being discussed that involved the ANWR

A

drilling in ANWR

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24
Q

What did Senator Barbara Boxer do in the debate about drilling in the ANWR on the Senate floor

A

held up a copy of Banerjee’s book during the debate

25
Q

held up a copy of Banerjee’s book during the debate

A

Senator Barbara Boxer

26
Q

What did Senator Barbara Boxer cite in the copy of Banerjee’s book

A

one of its photographs of a polar bear as evidence of the presence and fragility of life on the Refuge

27
Q

What claims did some pro-drilling advocates have

A

ANWR was an arctic wilderness and therefore empty and lifeless

28
Q

How did Alaska Senator Frank Murkowski emphasize the point that ANWR arctic wilderness and therefore empty and lifeless.

A

compared it to a blank white poster, which he similarly held before his
colleagues

29
Q

Introduced an amendment to block drilling in ANWR

A

Senator Barbara Boxer

30
Q

Senator Barbara Boxer’s amendment to block drilling narrowly passed

A

52-48

31
Q

When did the Refuge come closest to drilling

A

when the Department of the Interior officially opened 1.5 million acres of the ANWR to the oil and gas industry on August 17, 2020

32
Q

Opened 1.5 million acres of the ANWR to the oil and gas industry on August 17, 2020

A

Department of the Interior

33
Q

How many acres did the Department of the Interior officially open in ANWR to the oil and gas industry

A

1.5 million acres

34
Q

When did the Department of the Interior officially opened 1.5 million acres of the ANWR to the oil and gas industry

A

August 17, 2020

35
Q

When did the federal government sell oil and gas leases in the
amount of $14.4 million

A

January 6, 2021

36
Q

For how much did the federal government sell oil and gas leases for in January 6, 2021

A

$14.4 million

37
Q

Who would have entirely funded the oil and gas lease for the federal government

A

Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority

38
Q

Issued an executive order to place a moratorium on oil and gas extraction in the ANWR

A

President Joe Biden

39
Q

a measure that has subsequently been bolstered by the Interior Department formally suspending oil and gas drilling leases in the area

A

President Joe Biden issuing an executive order to place a moratorium on oil and gas extraction in the ANWR

40
Q

Became one of the most iconic images of the continued struggle to ecologically protect the ANWR

A

Caribou Migration I

41
Q

What type of photograph is “Caribou Migration I”

A

An aerial photograph

42
Q

What does “Caribou Migration I” depict

A

a herd of caribou crossing a landscape marked by patches of white snow and blueish green ice

43
Q

The lines created by the herd generates

A

a striking, nearly abstract composition

44
Q

The lines created by the herd plays against

A

those of the ice and snow

45
Q

The lines created by the herd reiterates

A

the point that the ANWR is not an empty land but is a fragile ecosystem inhabited by various species

46
Q

The lines generated by the traveling caribou shows patterns

A

through which animals move and live within this landscape

47
Q

Writer Finis Dunaway notes that the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge publication includes connections between

A

the migration of caribou and the coastal plains that have been the contested site of potential oil drilling

48
Q

What is the significance of the area where the caribou are heading in “Caribou Migration I”

A

The area where the caribou are heading is the site where they will calve

49
Q

What do the text and image suggest about the caribou’s relationship to the coastal plain

A

the caribou’s dependence upon the coastal plain

50
Q

what could threaten the survival of a tremendous herd of animals

A

radical alteration of the habitat

51
Q

Indigenous population that’s dependent on caribou within the ANWR

A

Indigenous Gwich’in population

52
Q

What do caribou provide for the Indigenous Gwich’in population of the region

A

key source of food

53
Q

What does a broader understanding of the ecological connections within the ANWR recognize

A

the dependence of the Indigenous Gwich’in population on caribou

54
Q

What do the caribou depicted in Caribou Migration I depend on to sustain life generation to generation

A

the coastal plain

55
Q

What do the Gwich’in people depend on to sustain their lives

A

the caribou

56
Q

How did Gwich’in leaders respond to the protections put in place in June 2021

A

Gwich’in leaders lauded the protections

57
Q

What do Gwich’in leaders acknowledge about the protections put in place in June 2021

A

the protections will not be secure until further backed by the U.S. legislature

58
Q

According to Chief Dana Tizya-Tramm of the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation, when will their work stop

A

their work will not stop until their lands are permanently protected through legislation