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Psychology- Attatchment P1 > Caregiver infant interactions > Flashcards

Caregiver infant interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Attatchment?

A
  • deep lasting emotional bonds
  • both members seek closure and feel more secure when close
  • strength of bonds can be seen in caregiverinfant interactions
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2
Q

what are caregiver infant interactions?

A
  • reciprocity
  • interactional synchrony
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3
Q

what is reciprocity?

A
  • mutual turn taking form
  • care giver and infant contribute to the interaction
  • respond to the others signals and cues
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4
Q

what is interactional synchrony?

A
  • simultaneous interaction between the infant and caregiver
  • appear to be acting rhythmically
  • matching coordinated behaviour
  • matching emotional states
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5
Q

what is imitation?

A
  • infant directly copies the caregivers expression
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6
Q

what is sensitive responsiveness?

A
  • adult correctly interprets the meaning of the infants communication
  • motivated to respond appropriately
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7
Q

what is child-directed speech (CDS)?

A
  • baby talk
  • adult speaks in “sing song” tone
  • modulate their voice by slowing it down and raising the pitch
  • this helps keep the baby’s attention
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8
Q

what is body contact?

A
  • physical contact especially skin to skin
  • necessary for bonding
  • especially in first few hours of life
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9
Q

Evaluations of caregiver infant interactions: Strenghts, Meltstoff and Moore facial gestures

A
  • showed facial gestures to 12-21 day old infants
  • recordings of infants responses rated by people blind to study
  • infants responses matched that of the researchers face
  • reciprocate through imitation at early age
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10
Q

Evaluation of caregiver interactions, strength : Condon and Sander, video interactions

A
  • videod interactions between adults and neonates
  • focus on neonates movement in response to to adult speech
  • evidence of interactional synchrony
  • from birth, we have innate ability for social interaction
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11
Q

Evaluation of caregiver interactions: strength, inter rate reliability

A
  • use multiple observers blind to studies try aims= interest rater reliability
  • use cameras to slow down study and show small interactions
  • high control= high internal validity
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12
Q

Evaluation of caregiver infant interactions: limitations, making inferences

A
  • can’t communicate thoughts or emotions
  • research depends on inferences
  • assumptions made could be mistaken
  • shouldn’t assume the imitation is intentional
  • could be automatic reflex response
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13
Q

Evaluation of caregiver infant interactions: limitations, social sensitivity

A
  • this is a concern when studying childbearing techniques
  • some women’s life choices criticised
  • e.g. women who return to work quickly and can’t form interactional synchrony with their child
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14
Q

What are the stages of attatchment by Schaffer?

A
  • Stage 1: Asocial
  • Stage 2: Indiscriminate attatchment
  • Stage 3: Specific attatchment
  • Stage 4: Multiple attatchment
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15
Q

Stage 1 of Schaffers attatchment: Asocial

A
  • 0-6 weeks
  • ensure innate behaviour that ensure proximity to the caregiver
  • limited perceptual ability
  • so also display to non-human objects
  • anyone can comfort them
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16
Q

Stage 2 of Schaffer’s attatchment: Indiscriminate attatchment

A
  • 6 weeks- 7 months
  • tell the difference between humans and objects
  • tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar people
  • DONT show stranger anxiety
  • DONT show separation anxiety
17
Q

Stage 3 of Schaffers attatchment: Specific attatchment

A
  • 7-9 months
  • strong attatchment to primary care giver
  • develop stranger anxiety
  • develop separation anxiety
18
Q

Stage 4 of Schaffers attatchment: Multiple attatchment

A
  • 9/10+ months
  • starts to form attatchment to other regular caregivers
  • stranger anxiety starts to decrease
19
Q

Schaffer and Emerson research (1964) on attatchment: procedure

A
  • 60 working class babies + families studied
  • 1st year data= observations + interviews
  • follow up visit at 18 mnths
  • assed stranger and separation anxiety
  • discomfort when left w researcher
  • discomfort when primary caregiver left the room
20
Q

Schaffer and Emerson research (1964) on attatchment: findings

A
  • seperarion anxiety started for most at 25-32 weeks
  • stranger distress 1 month later
  • 18 month later= 87% developed multiple attachments
  • strongest was those w consistent caregivers + consistent caregiver infant interactions
  • occurs in stages as suggested
21
Q

Evaluating Schaffer and Emerson’s research: limitation, generalisability

A
  • not be generalisable
  • included working class mums from glasgow in 1960
  • culture not representative of most of UK
  • lack temporal validity
  • childbearing has changed in 60 years
22
Q

Evaluations of Schaffer and Emerson’s research: strengths, high mundane realism

A
  • families observed in their own homes= mundane realism
  • experience for the infant was normal
  • caregiver leaving and stranger being there= normal
  • behaviour recorded was normal
23
Q

Schaffers theory on the role of the father:

A
  • most primary attatchment figures were their mothers
  • 30% both and 3% fathers
  • at 18 mnths 75% had formed attatchments w father
  • showed separation anxiety
  • fathers play important role in infants lives
24
Q

The role of the father- the importance of action play:

A
  • father engage in active “play” activities more consistently than mothers
  • fathers situations emphasise stimulation
  • role is to encourage risk taking behaviours
  • compared to more comfortable mothers
25
Q

the role of the father- as a primary care giver:

A
  • modern western society= mothers more likely to be in the workplace
  • evidence shows if men are primary care giver, their interaction style changes to be more like mothers
  • increasing their capacity for sensitive responsiveness
26
Q

Evaluative research of the role of the father: strength, Field (1978) observed fathers game playing

A
  • observed 1 caregiver mums and dads + 2nd caregiver dads interacting w 4 mnth infants
  • fathers focussed more on game playing
  • 1 caregiver dads gave more sensitively responsive behaviours like mums
27
Q

Evaluative research of the role of the father: strength, Verissimo (2011) observed pre schooo kids

A
  • observed pre school kids w mothers and fathers
  • follow up assessment of kids when they started nursery
  • strong attatchment to father was best predictor of making friends at school
  • fathers important in socialisation
28
Q

Evaluations of the role of the father: limitation/ strength, socially sensitive but can also help

A
  • research is socially sensitive
  • suggesting the role of the mother can’t be done by the father
  • father led or double father families may feel they can’t fulfill the needs of their infant
  • research showing they can do the role of the mother may make them be more active
29
Q

Evaluations of the role of the father: strength, economic implications but help w gender pay gap

A
  • economic implications= lead to legislation that ensures equal maternity and paternity leave
  • reduce males in workforce
  • reduce economy activity
  • equalising this could help gender pay gap
  • which is bc mothers leave to care for kids

Psychology- Attatchment P1 (7 decks)

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