caregiver - infant interactions

Question 1

reciprocity

Answer 1

mutual turn-taking interactions between caregiver and infant where they respond to each others signals

Question 2

interactional synchrony

Answer 2

simultaneous interaction between infant and caregiver, where they act rhythmically

Question 3

AO3 for reciprocity

Answer 3

P: Meltzoff and Moore - 1977 - experimenter displayed facial gestures, such as sticking their tongue out and opening their moth to 12-21 day infants
E: Recordings of the infants responses were judged by people who didn’t know the aim of the experiment
E: Found that infant responses matched the experimenters facial expressions
L: suggests that infants develop imitation and reciprocity from a young age

Question 4

AO3 for interactional synchrony

Answer 4

P: Condon and Sander - 1974 - Videotaped interactions between adults and infants, focusing on movements of the infants in response to adult speech
E: Found evidence of interactional synchrony between the infants movements and adults speech
L: suggests that infants have an innate ability for social interaction

Question 5

schaffer’s stages of attachment

Answer 5

• asocial
• indiscriminate
• specific
• multiple

Question 6

1st stage of attachment

Answer 6

asocial - (0-6 weeks) - infants cannot distinguish between human and non human objects, and they do not prefer any particular caregiver

Question 7

2nd stage of attachment

Answer 7

• ndiscriminate - (6 weeks - 7 months) - infants can distinguish between human and non human objects yet they haven’t developed stranger or separation anxiety

Question 8

3rd stage of attachment

Answer 8

specific - (7-9 months) - Babies form an attachment to primary caregiver and develop separation and stranger anxiety

Question 9

4th stage of attachment

Answer 9

multiple - (9 months +) - babies from attachments with regular caregivers and stranger anxiety decreases

Question 10

AO3 for stages of attachment

Answer 10

P: Schaffer and Emerson - 1964 - longitudinal study of 60 working class families and their babies in Glasgow
E: In the first year, they collected data through monthly observations , then conducted a follow up after 18 months. They assessed stranger and separation anxiety
E: Found that separation anxiety occurred on babies from 25-32 weeks, in the 18 months follow up, they found that 87% of the babies formed multiple attachments, strongest being with the mothers
L: suggests that Schaffers stages of attachment are accurate and suggest that forming multiple attachments is important

Question 11

general AO3 of stages of attachment

Answer 11

-cannot be generalised as it only included working class families from Glasgow
-temporal validity as it occurred 60 years ago

Question 12

role of the father

Answer 12

schaffer found that only 3% of infants had their father as a primary caregiver, but 75% formed an attachment after 18 months, suggesting fathers play an important role

Question 13

importance of active play

Answer 13

father engages baby in active play actives which develops physical, social, and emotional skills

Question 14

research AO3 of role of the father - 1

Answer 14

Field - 1978 - observed primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers interacting with 4 months old infants
Found that fathers were more focused on game playing activities and less on holding the baby

Question 15

research AO3 of role of the father - 2

Answer 15

Verissimo - 2011 - observed pre school children’s relationship with their mothers and father and conducted an assessment of social interactions
Found that a strong attachment to the father was the best predictor in making friends
-suggesting the important role of fathers in developing social skills