Career

Question 1

Frank Parsons

Answer 1

Father of vocational guidance
wrote “Choosing a Vocation”
considered early social reformer
trait-and-factor approach

Question 2

Holland types

Answer 2

Realistic
Artistic
Investigative
Social
Enterprising
Conventional

Question 3

Donald Super (5 stages & aspects of each stage)

Answer 3

developmental approach

Growth - birth-15: fantasy, interest, capacity
Exploration - 15-24: tentative, transition
Establishment - 25-44: trial commitment, stabilization, advancement
Maintenance - 45-64
Disengagement - +65 - deceleration, slow down, volunteer, & leisure

Question 4

Krumboltz Social Learning Theory

Answer 4

behavioral/cognitive approach

three influences: a) genetics, b) environment, c) learning experiences–stressed learning (as opposed to interests)

instrumental learning (reinforcement); associate learning (observation or classical conditioning)

self-observation…
task-approach skills..
positive reinforcement…
built on Bandura’s work
changes in interests and decision-making can be learned
RJP (realistic job preview) and guided imagery two popular techniques
…

Question 5

Albert Bandura - social cognitive theory

Answer 5

behavioral approach

modeling acquisition of new experiences/vicarious learning
…

self-efficacy beliefs,
outcome expectations,
and goals

Question 6

Edwin Bordin

Answer 6

emphasis on neurosis…

Question 7

Linda Gottfredson

Answer 7

advocated a career theory for women–a process of narrowing down alternatives

Question 8

general career approaches (and e.g. of each)

Answer 8

• Trait-factor
• Frank Parsons and
• EG Williamson (Minnesota point of view-built on Parson) – originally vocational, then comprehensive approach: (1) analysis, (2) synthesis, (3) diagnosis, (4) counseling, and (5) follow-up
• Career Typology/”choice point”:
• Holland (RAISEC)
• Developmental:
• Super (life-span)
• Social Learning / Behavioral / internal control
• Krumboltz
• Constructivist
• Savikas (create meaning through experience)