Cards based on test questions

Question 1

Kirkpatrick (1983) four levels of rigor in the evaluation of training programs

Answer 1

1. reaction criteria (bottom)
   *Trainees’ impressions/reactions program
2. learning criteria
   * written exams and performance tests
3. behavioral criteria
   *measures of an individual trainee’s on-the-job performance
4. results criteria (top)
   *Measures indicating the contribution of training to the organization’s objectives are at the top of Kirkpatrick’s hierarchy. These measures include cost and turnover reductions, increases in overall productivity, and increases in profits.

Question 2

Dysarthria

Answer 2

*motor speech disorder > muscles used to produce speech are damaged, paralyzed, or weakened.

*can’t control tongue, larynx, vocal cords, and surrounding muscles, which makes it difficult for the person to form and pronounce words.

Question 3

Dysosmia

Answer 3

*disordered smell perception

*presents as either:
- distortion in the perceived quality of an odor (parosmia and cacosmia)
- presence of a strange odor in the absence of actual odor stimulation (phantosmia or olfactory hallucinations).

Question 4

Dyspraxia

Answer 4

*neurological disorder > impacts ability to plan and process motor tasks.

*often have language problems and sometimes a degree of difficulty with thought and perception.

Question 5

Dysprosody

Answer 5

*speech with an atypical or absent rhythm, intonation, melody, or start/stop pattern.

Question 6

Ultimate (conceptual) criterion

Answer 6

• indirectly measured construct

*a construct that cannot be measured directly but, instead, is measured indirectly (e.g., “effective employee” would be the ultimate criterion, while “dollar amount of sales during a three-month period” would be the actual criterion).

(I/O term)

Question 7

Overcorrection

Answer 7

*form of positive punishment

*involves applying a penalty following an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior

*two phases–restitution and positive practice.

Question 8

Differential reinforcement

Answer 8

*reducing an undesirable self-reinforcing behavior by providing a reinforcer after each predefined interval of time that the individual does not engage in that behavior but, instead, engages in other (different) behaviors.

Question 9

Negative practice

Answer 9

deliberately repeat the undesirable behavior to the point that it becomes aversive to the individual or the individual becomes fatigued

Question 10

Kahnemann and Tversky (1984)’s four heuristics

Answer 10

“heuristics” (mental shortcuts) people use to quickly form impressions, make decisions, or derive estimates about the likelihood that a certain event will occur.

1. availability heuristic
   *information that most readily comes to mind or is most salient to make a decision, judgment, or estimate.
2. representativeness heuristic
   *judgments based on the typical case
3. simulation heuristic
   *mental simulations of an event to determine if an event will happen
   * i.e., if you can imagine it will happen, you’re more likely to predict that it will happen.
4. anchoring and adjustment heuristic
   *initial value as the basis for making a judgment.
   * i.e., seller of an item says that he usually sells it for $10.00, your offer for the item will be closer to $10.00 than it would have been if the seller said he usually sells it for $7.00.

Question 11

Kagan’s (1966) two types of cognitive styles (or cognitive tempos)

Answer 11

*reflective and impulsive

*related to academic performance:
Reflective style = more likely to answer questions correctly and experience more success on school-related tasks than an impulsive style

*not necessarily associated with intellectual ability