Cards

Question 1

Allantois

Answer 1

becomes urachus (connection btw bladder and umbilicus)

Question 2

Umbilical arteries become

Answer 2

medial umbilical ligaments

Question 3

umbilical vein becomes

Answer 3

ligamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament)

Question 4

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur

Answer 4

aortic stenosis

Question 5

holosystolic, high pitched “blowing murmur”

Answer 5

MR and TR

Question 6

Late systolic crescendo murmur w/ mid systolic click

Answer 6

mitral valve prolapse
click is 2/2 sudden tensing of chord tendinae
most frequent valvular lesion
best heard at apex
^risk for endocarditis

Question 7

harsh holosystolic murmur at tricuspid area

Answer 7

VSD

Question 8

high pitched blowing early diastolic decrescendo murmur

Answer 8

aortic regurgitation; often 2/2 aortic root dilation, bicuspid aorta, endocarditis, rheum fever

Question 9

diastolic murmur following opening snap

Answer 9

mitral stenosis; often 2/2 rheum fever. Chronic MS can result in LA dilation

Question 10

continuous murmur

Answer 10

PDA
best heard left infraclavicular
“machine like”

Question 11

What effect does adenosine have on SA and AV node

Answer 11

slows rate of diastolic depolarization and decreases HR

can cause heart block on AV node (hence why you can give it for peeps who are having cray cray heart arrhythmias)

Question 12

Borders of the femoral triangle

Answer 12

inguinal ligament (sup), adductor longus (med), sarorius (lat)

Question 13

What does nepriliysin do?

Answer 13

metalloprotease that cleaves and inactivates natriuretic peptides (BNP), as well as glucagon, oxytocin, bradykinin. If you block it, you have increased BNP/ANP, which promotes diuresis and stuff in Heart failure

Question 14

Lecithinase?

Answer 14

exotoxin released by c perfringens, degrades phospholipid membrane (including lecithin)

Question 15

Diphtheria toxin

Answer 15

AB exotoxin that ribosylates and inactivates EF2, preventing protein synthesis
can lead to cardiac probs

Question 16

mitochondrial vacuolization associated with

Answer 16

irreversible injury; reduces the cellular capacity for ATP generation.

Question 17

chi square test does what?

Answer 17

tests for independence, used to test the association between two categorical variables. ex: 2x2 table

Question 18

what do you see on biopsy of diabetic microangiopathy?

Answer 18

hyaline arteriosclerosis = homogenous deposition of hyaline material in intimal and media of small arteries and arterioles. intimal is thickened and lumen narrows

Question 19

mc cause of mitral stenosis?

Answer 19

prior rheumatic fever

Question 20

middle meningeal is a branch of what artery?

Answer 20

maxillary

Question 21

disease of lots of telangiectasis on skin and mucosa that can lead to recurrent nosebleeds

Answer 21

Osler-Weber-Rendu

Question 22

Von Recklinghausen’s disease?

Answer 22

NF1. Peripheral nervous system tumor syndrome. Cafe au lait spots, optic nerve gliomas, neurofibromas, litchi nodules (pigmented nodules of iris)

Question 23

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Answer 23

encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis - presence of cutaneous facial angiomas and leptomeningeal angiomas. Associated with mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia, skull radiopacities.
“Tram track” calcifications on skull radiograph

Question 24

what kind of tumors do you see in VHL?

Answer 24

capillary hemangioblastomas
congenital cysts
RCC risk

Question 25

Sotalol (type, toxicity)

Answer 25

type: K+ blocker (class III)
toxicity: torsades, excessive beta blockade

Question 26

ibutilide (type, toxicity)

Answer 26

Class III potassium channel blocker

Torsades

Question 27

Amiodarone (type, toxicity)

Answer 27

Class III K+ channel blocker
toxicity: pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxic, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid (amiodarone is 40% iodine by weight!)
acts as hasten (corneal deposits, blue/gray skin deposits), Neuro effects, constipation, bradycardia, heart block, heart heart failure

Question 28

Tests to check with amiodarone

Answer 28

PFTs, LFTs, TFTs
note: it's lipophilic and has class I-IV effects

Question 29

angina at night/rest think:

Answer 29

vasospasm (prinzmetal)

Question 30

What does LDH do?

Answer 30

catalyzes conversion of lactate to pyruvate