Cardiovasculars System Flashcards

1
Q

ACTIN

A

thin filament, component of a sarcomere or muscle unite

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2
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone, released in the posterior pituitary, causes retention of water

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3
Q

ALDOSTERONE

A

a hormone released from the adrenal cortex, which causes retention of sodium an water

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4
Q

ANGIOTENSIN

A

a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone and ADH release; part of the renin-angiotensin system

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5
Q

ARRHYTHMIA

A

a disruption in the cardiac rate or rhythm

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6
Q

ARTERIES

A

vessels that take blood away from the heart; muscular, resistance vessels

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7
Q

Baroreceptors, where are they located?

A
  • also called pressure receptors
  • specialized cells located in the arch of the aorta
  • theses specialized cells are also located in the carotid arteries, which deliver blood directly to the brain
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8
Q

Where do the sensory input from the baroreceptors go?

A

they are received in the medulla in an area called the cardiovascular center

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9
Q

When blood pressure is high what do the baroreceptors?

A

-parasympathetic effects

medulla stimulates vasodilation and decrease the cardiac rate and output

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10
Q

low blood pressure, what do the baroreceptors do?

A

sympathetic effects
medulla directly stimulates an increase in the cardiac rate and output
-vasoconstriction

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11
Q

What is the function of Angiotensin 2

A

reacts with specific angiotensin receptors sites on blood vessels to cause intense vasoconstriction causing high resistance, high blood pressure, restoring blood flow to the kidneys and decrease release of renin

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12
Q

what is the therapeutic actions of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

A

act in the lungs to prevent ACE from converting angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

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13
Q

name the drugs affecting the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) to decrease blood pressure

A
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin 2 receptors blockers (ARBs)
Renin Inhibitors
calcium channel blockers
Vasodilators
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14
Q

name the hypertensive agents?

A
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin 2 receptors blockers (ARBs)
Renin Inhibitors
calcium channel blockers
Vasodilators
Diuretic agents
sympathetic nervous system blockers
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15
Q

what is the therapeutic effect of Diuretic Agents

A

increase the excretion of sodium and water from the kidney

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16
Q

name a diuretic agents drug

A

thiazide diuretic
-increase urination
disturb electrolyte and acid- base balace

17
Q

What is the therapeutic effect of Vasodilators?

A

act on vascular smooth muscle to cause muscle relaxation, leading to vasodilation and drop in BP

18
Q

name the 3 drugs of Vasodilators

A

Nitropruside -IV
Hydralazine- oral, IV, IM use
Minoxidil - oral only

19
Q

state a few contraindication and caution with vasodilators

A

hypersensitivity
pregnancy
any condition that could be exacerbated by sudden BP drop such as CAD, heart failure, cerebral insufficiency

20
Q

What is the therapeutic effects of Calcium channel blockers?

A

they inhibit the movement of calcium ions across the membrane of the myocardial and arterial muscle cells, alternating the action potential and blocking muscle cell contaction

21
Q

why shouldn’t you take calcium channel blockers with grapefruit?

A

when calcium channel blockers interact with grapefruit, the concentration of calcium-channel blockers increase

22
Q

name the only renin inhibitor drug, and what it does?

A

Aliskiren
-directly inhibits renin, leading to decrease plasma renin, and inhibiting the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 2

23
Q

what are the adverse effects of Aliskiren

A

hyperkalemia because no release of aldosterone

  • angioedema with respiratory involvement
    eg. difficulty in breathing, swelling in face, lips and tongue
24
Q

define depolarization in relation to conductivity

A

changes that occur in a cell membrane from negative to positive when calcium or sodium move into a cell stimulating an action potential. stimulating the heart to contract

25
Q

DEfine Repolarization in relation to conductivity

A

changes in the cell membrane back into a negative state after action potential occurs. This allows the heart to relax

26
Q

What are the components of the conduction system of the heart

A
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinjie fibers
bundle branches
atrial bundles
27
Q

What are the periods of the cardiac cycle

A

Distole
-period of resting, blood is returned back to the heart by viens

Systole
-period of contraction, or systole, blood pumped out of the heart

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of ARBs

A

CNS: dizziness, headache, weakness
GI: diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea
Respiratory: respiratory tract infection,cough, dry skin,rash,dry mouth,tooth pain

29
Q

what are the contraindications and caution of ARBs

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • hepatic renal dysfunction (could alter the metabolism and excretion of these drugs)
  • hypovolemia
  • Pregnancy
  • women of childbearing age
30
Q

What is the therapeutic effect of ARBs?

  • where it is absorbed?
  • how it is given?
A

-block the angiotensin receptor site on the blood vessel
-binds with angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle and adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction
and release aldosterone (blocks BP raising effect of RAAS and lowers BP
-it is given orally
-absorbed and undergo metabolism in the liver
-excreted in feces and urine
-crosses placenta

31
Q

name vasodilators drugs

A

hydralazine, minoxidil, nitroprusside

32
Q

what are the contraindications and cautions of Calcium-channel blockers

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • heart block and sick sinus syndrome
  • renal and hepatic dysfunction bc it could alter the metabolism and excretion of these drugs
  • pregnancy bc it enters breast milk and crosses placenta
33
Q

name the ACE inhibitor drugs

A

benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, trandolapril

34
Q

How are ACE inhibitor administered

which drug is for parenteral use

A
  • orally

- enalapril

35
Q

what are contraindications and caution for ACE inhibitors

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • impaired renal function bc these drugs decrease renal blood flow
  • heart failure bc of hemodynamic changes
  • salt/volume depletion, could be exacerbated by the drug effects
  • women of childbearing age, encouraged to use barrier contraceptives to avoid pregnancy while taking the drug
36
Q

what are the therapeutic effects of diuretic agents

A

increase the secretion of sodium and water from the kidney

-it is the first agent used to decrease hypertension; they effect sodium and water levels