cardiovascular week 2 Flashcards
Afterload
the resistance to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle. (The work the heart must overcome to fully eject blood from the left ventricle).
cardiac output
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute.
Normal Cardiac output at rest
4-8L/minute
Cardiac output =____ x ____
CO= stroke volume x HR
Ejection Fraction
the % of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction.
Normal ejection fraction
50% is normal
less than 40% is heart failure
Hypertension
disease characterized by elevated BP persistently >120/80.
Causes adverse affects to arterial walls —> changes in arterial walls increase peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).
Diagnose: average of 2 or more readings on at least 2 subsequent healthcare visits above 120/80.
Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
amount of effort the heart has to overcome in order to get the blood out of the heart and into the periphery (wears the heart out over time—> increases HTN and causes HF).
Hypotension
SBP falls <90—> organs not getting perfused.
What causes hypotension?
-dilation of arteries
-bleed/dehydration (loss of blood volume)
-failure of heart muscle to pump.
Infarction
obstruction of the blood supply to an organ/region of tissue (dvt/embolus)—> causing local death of tissue.
Necrosis
death of cells/tissue through disease or injury (lack of blood flow).
Ischemia
inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to all/part of a tissue/organ as a result of an obstructed/constricted blood vessel.
myocardial contractility
ability of heart muscle to contract (how hard it contracts).
Preload
volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure). Increased in hypervolemia.
pulmonary embolism (PE)
blood clot that has developed in a blood vessel and traveled to an artery in the lungs- suddenly forms a blockage of blood flow.
pulse pressure
(blood pressure):
-top number: max pressure the heart exerts while beating (systolic).
-bottom number: amount of pressure in the arteries between beats (diastolic).
pulse alternans
Regular rhythm but strength of the pulse varies with each beat- ventricle systolic impairment. Ex: Heart failure.
stroke
blood supply interrupted or reduced to part of the brain- brain cells die.
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
venous-thombo embolism
VTE: blood clot form in the vein (includes DVT and PE).
Blood pressure Category: Elevated
S: 120-129
AND
D: Less than 80
-Check every year.
Blood pressure Category:
Normal
S: Less than 120
AND
D: Less than 80
-Check more at home, lifestyle changes (heart healthy diet, exercise).
Blood pressure Category:
High BP
(Hypertension) Stage 1
S: 130-139
OR
D: 80-89
-Drug therapy, 36 month checks, continue life style changes.
