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Anatomy module 4 > Cardiovascular system--the heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system--the heart Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A

Anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from 1st rib to the diaphram and between the lungs.

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2
Q

Composed of cardiac muscle tissue

forms most of the heart mass

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

Also known as visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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4
Q

Composed of simple squamous epithelium

A

Both Epicardium and Endocardium

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5
Q

Forms the smooth inner lining of the heart and covers the valves

A

Endocardium

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6
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous
Visceral
Parietal

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7
Q

Forms a double layered sac around the heart

A

Fibrous and Parietal

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8
Q

Composed of fibrous connective tissue

Attached to diaphragm and base of great vessels

A

Fibrous

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9
Q

Forms outer layer of heart wall

also called the epicardium

A

Visceral

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10
Q

Serous membrane

A

Parietal and Visceral

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11
Q

Forms smooth surfaces, acting as a lubricant during heart contraction
Pericardial activity found between these layers
Pericardial fluid found between these layers

A

Parietal and visceral

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12
Q

The blunt, superior end of the heart is the _____; the narrow inferior end of the heart is the ______.

A

Base

Apex

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13
Q

The heart serves as a double pump: the ____side pumps to the systemic circulation through the ____. and the ____ side pumps to the pulmonary circulation through the _____.

A

Left-
aorta
right
Pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

Blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the ____ side, and the blood returning from the pulmonary circulation enters the ____side. (alternate)

A

Right

Left

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15
Q

Blood in the right ____ flows into the ____ ______, and the blood in the left _____ flows into the ____ ____.

A

Atrium
Right ventricle
Atrium
Left Ventricle

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16
Q

The General path of blood flow through either side is:

A

Vein to Atrium to Ventricle to Artery

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17
Q

Can blood flow directly from one side to the other?

A

No

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18
Q

The bicuspid valve connects these chambers

A

Left Ventricle and Left Atrium

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19
Q

The pulmonary trunk exits this chamber

A

Right Ventricle

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20
Q

The vena cavae enter this chamber

A

Right Atrium

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve connects these chambers

A

Right Ventricle and Right Atrium

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22
Q

Aorta exits this chamber

A

Left Ventricle

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23
Q

Pulmonary veins enter this chamber

A

Left Atrium

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24
Q

Form a pump for systemic circulation

A

Left Atrium and Left Ventricle

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25
Q

Form a pump for pulmonary circulation

A

Right Atrium and Right Ventricle

26
Q

What is the general function of the valves of the heart?

A

Prevents back flow and it is a one way flow of blood

27
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves and the chambers they connect

A

Tricuspid and Bicuspid
Tricuspid connect Right atrium and Right Ventricle
Bicuspid (mitralvalve) connects Left atrium and Left Ventricle

28
Q

What is the function of the AV valve?

A

Allows blood flow to ventricles

prevents back flow to atria

29
Q

The flaps of tissue forming the AV valves are _____. These flaps have numerous fibrous cords, the_______ attached to their free edges. The ______muscles attach to these cords and anchor them to the heart wall.

A

Cusps
Chordae Tendonae
Papillary

30
Q

What force is responsible for opening and closing the AV valves?

A

Pressure of blood

Contraction of Papillary muscles

31
Q

What is the function of the cords and muscles connecting the valve cusps to the heart wall?

A

Cords drive cusps upwards

muscles pull and tighten the cords

32
Q

The 2 semilunar valves are:

A

Aortic and Pulmonary

33
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Left side and at the base of the aorta

34
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Right side and at the base of the pulmonary trunk

35
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valve?

A

Permits ejection of blood from ventricles into the aorta or pulmonary trunk

36
Q

What force is responsible for opening and closing the semilunar valve?

A

Ventricles relax and the blood begins to back flow. This fills the valve cusps they house and they tightly close

37
Q

From the right atrium to the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

38
Q

From the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

39
Q

From the left atrium to the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

40
Q

From the left ventricle to the aorta

A

Aortic Valve

41
Q

The blood vessels supplying the heart muscles are called the _____

A

Cardiac or Coronary circulation

42
Q

The coronary circulation consists of :

A

Two coronary arteries

43
Q

Coronary arteries are branches of what vessel?

A

Aorta

Originating above the aortic valve

44
Q

The vein (venous sinus) returning blood from the heart wall is called the_____.

A

Coronary Sinus
Located posterior surface of the heart.
Right atrium

45
Q

Why does the heart need its own blood vessels when there is always blood in the heart chambers?

A

Nutrients are not able to diffuse quickly enough from blood in the chambers of the heart to supply all the layers of cells that make up the heart wall.

46
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue contains special structures called_____between the ends of adjacent cells

A

Intercalated discs

47
Q

Gap junctions

A

allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to the next

48
Q

Desmosomes

A

hold fibers together

49
Q

What type tissue is the conduction system of the heart composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

50
Q

What are the functions of the conduction system?

A

Provides path for action potential
Coordinates contractions
Pacemaker

51
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A

Self excitable–repeatedly generate action potentials

works independently

52
Q

Unstable resting potentiaWhen threshold is reached it triggers an action potentiall

A

SA Node cells repeatedly depolarizes to threshold

53
Q

When threshold is reached it triggers an action potential

A

Pacemaker potential

54
Q

Parts of the hearts conduction system

A 
1-Sinoatrial Node (SA) Right atrium
2-Atrioventricular Node (AV)
3-Atrioventricular Bundle--bridge
4-Right/Left bundle branches
5-Purkinje Fibers
55
Q

The conduction system of the heart is composed of _______cells. An action potential begins in the _____, which is most commonly referred to as the ______of the heart. From here, the action potential spreads throughout the ______. The atria then ______.

A 
Autorhythmic
SA Node
Pacemaker
Atria
Contracts
56
Q

From the Atria, the action potential reaches the_____, located near the junction of atria and ventricles. The action potential continues to the______, located between the atria and the ventricles, to the ______ which runs down the interventricular septum. These bundles then divide into smaller bundles called _____, which pass around the apex of the heart to the _____ of the ventricles. The_____then contract to pump blood.

A 
AV Node
AV Bundle
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
Myocardium
Ventricles
57
Q

What part of the conjunctions system serves as the pacemaker?

A

SA Node

Sets rhythm of electrical excitation and contraction

58
Q

What part is the only electrical connection between the atrial and ventricular muscle masses?

A

AV Bundle (bundle of HIS)

59
Q

What is the functional significance of the fact that electrical conduction through the AV Node is slow?

A

Provides time for the atria to empty their blood into ventricles

60
Q

The AV bundle is also knows as the

A

Bundle of HIS

61
Q

Rapid conduction over the purkinje fibers allows what advantage?

A

Action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium.

Anatomy module 4 (2 decks)

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