Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy module 4 > Anatomy module 4.1 > Flashcards

Anatomy module 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Systole

A

phase of contraction–Depolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diastole

A

phase of relaxation–repolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atrial and ventricular Diastole (late diastole)

A

Both atria and ventricles are relaxed
Blood is flowing from the veins into Right Atrium and into the Left Atrium
The AV valves are open and the SL Valves are closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Initiated by depolarization
Preceded by the “P” wave of EKG
Atria contract
Blood flows from AV Valves to the Ventricles
Most Ventricular filling occurs before atrial systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the advantage of atrial systole?

A

Forces last amount of blood out of the atrium into the ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventricular Systole (and atrial diastole)

A

Action potential has now traveled along the
Bundle of HIS to the ventricles.
It is preceded by the QRS wave of the EKG
The ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The _____ventricular pressure causes the ______to ____ and a moment later the SL valve to _____. The ____ of ____valves cause the _____heart sound
(still a part of Ventricular Systole ( and atrial systole)

A 
Increased
AV Valves
Close
Open
Closing 
AV valves 
first
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The stage called _______occurse when the ______close but before the _____valves open.

A

Isovolumetric contraction
AV valves
SL Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Muscle contraction stays same length

A

Isovolumetric contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The stage called ______begings when _____valves _____.

A

Ventricular ejection
SL
Open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Ventricles relax

Preceded by the T wave of EKG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ventricular Diastole cont’d.

The _____ventricular pressure causes the SL valves to ____and a moment later the AV valves to____.

A

decreased
close
open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The closure of the ____ valves causes the ____ heart sound

A

SL

Second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The stage called ______occurs when the ____valves close but before the _____valves open

A

isovolumetric relaxation
SL
AV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ventricular filling actually begins when the ____valves open

A

AV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Another cycle begins when the____fires another electrical signal

A

SA NODE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The number of contractions per minute

A

heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Volume of blood ejected by a ventricle per beat

A

Stroke Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

equation for CO, HR and SV

A

CO=SV*HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Frank Sterling Law

A

The more the heart muscle is stretched during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Volume of blood returning to the right ventricle.

A

Venous Return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

A

Pre-Load

increases stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers

A

Contractility

increases stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Pressure that must exceed before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur. “downstream”

A

After-Load

Decreases stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Substances that either increase or decrease contractility

A

Inotropic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Measurement of the % of blood leaving your heart each time in contracts

A

Ejection Fraction

EF=SV/EDV * 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cardiac Control centers are located….

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q 
Originate in the cardioinhibitory center
post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
decrease rate of firing of SA node
Responsible for vagal tone
vagus nerve
cause decrease in cardiac output
A

Parasympathetic signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Originate in the cardioacceleratory center
post-ganglionic axons release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
increase rate of firing SA Node
Increase contractility of cardiac muscle fibers
positive inotropic effect

A

Sympathetic signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 layers of blood vessel walls

A 
Tunica Intima (Interna)  SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
Tunica Media VASCULAR
Tunica externa (adventitia) FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q 
Only layer of capillary walls
Innermost layer in direct contact with lumen
consists of simple squamous epithelium
smooth layer; facilitates flow of blood
also known as endothelium
A

Tunica Interna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Contains smooth muscle
contains elastic connective tissue
middle layer

A

Tunica Media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Consists of fibrous connective tissue

outermost layer

A

Tunica externa (adventitia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sequence of flow of 3 major types of blood vessels

A

1) ARTERIES—2) CAPILLARIES—3) VEINS—Back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Carries blood away from heart

A

Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Allows exchange of substances between blood and body tissues

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Carries blood back to the heart

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Wall contains intercellular CLEFTS
Wall consists of only simple squamous epithelial cells
Site of exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Smallest artery
contains greatest proportion of smooth muscle in its wall
Capable of most significant vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Major “resistance vessels”

A

Arterioles

41
Q

Contains greatest proportion of elastic tissue in its wall
High elasticity stretch and recoil of vessel wall maintains blood pressure; “Pressure Reservoir”
Vessel with highest pressure
Transports blood away from heart
thickest-walled vessels

A

Artery

42
Q

Contains valves
thin walls are easily distended; “volume reservoir” for blood
vessel with lowest pressure
transports blood toward heart

A

Veins

43
Q

Smallest vein

A

Venule

44
Q

Volume of blood the flows through any tissue in a given time period

A

Blood flow

45
Q

Hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on walls of a blood vessel

A

Blood pressure

46
Q

Driving force of blood flow that is generated by heart contraction. this is maintained by the stretch and recoil of the _____walls

A

pressure gradient

Artery

47
Q

If blood pressure increases, blood flow_____

A

increases

48
Q

Vessel type with the highest pressure is _____and the lowest pressure is _____

A

Artery

Vein

49
Q

Blood vessels in order of highest to lowest blood pressure

A 
Aorta
Artery
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules 
Veins 
Vena Cavae
50
Q

Blood flow is driven by the blood pressure gradient, but is opposed by ______.

A

Peripheral Resistance

51
Q

Friction between walls and blood vessels and the blood

Opposition to blood flow through blood vessels

A

Peripheral Resistance

52
Q

Highest pressure attained in arteries during systole

A

Systolic Blood Pressure

53
Q

Lowest arterial pressure during diastole

A

Diastolic blood pressure

54
Q

Average blood pressure in arteries

A

Mean arterial blood pressure

55
Q

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Pulse Pressure

56
Q

Arterial blood pressure is commonly measured in the _____artery

A

Brachial

57
Q

Alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole of the left ventricle creates a traveling pressure wave

A

Pulse

58
Q

Pulse is characterized of what vessel type?

A

Elastic Artery

59
Q

Pulse is a function of what type of tissue?

A

Elastic connective

60
Q

As ______increases, blood flow _____

A

Peripheral Resistance

Decreases

61
Q

What two factors contribute to P.R.?

A

Vascular Resistance
–vessel diameter (as this increases resistance decreases)
–vessel length (as this increases, resistance increases)
Blood Viscosity

62
Q

Which factor of P.R. is involved in the homeostatic regulation

A 
Vessel Lumen (Diameter)
Arterioles most significant
63
Q

The widening of vessel diameter due to smooth muscle relaxation is known as:

A

Vasodilation

64
Q

The narrowing of vessel diameter due to contraction of smooth muscle in its wall is called:

A

Vasoconstriction

65
Q

EPINEPHERINE IS A

A

VASOCONSTRICTOR

66
Q

Changes in arteriole diameter are important for 2 reasons:

A

Systemic Changes
(ANS–Sympathetic, Endocrine system)
Autoregulation

67
Q

What specific division of the nervous system is primarily involved in regulation of arteriole diameter

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

68
Q

Constant discharge by the Sympathetic Nervous System keeps arterioles slightly constricted under normal conditions. This is called:

A

Vasomotor Tone

69
Q

Increased signals in the sympathetic NS lead to

A

Vasoconstriction

70
Q

Decreased signals in the sympathetic NS lead to

A

Vasodilation

71
Q

What are the hormones that influence arteriole diameter?

A

Epinepherine and Norepinephrine
ADH
Angiotnsion II
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

72
Q

What structural features of capillaries promote exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Thin cell walls
Intercellular cleft
Fenstrations

73
Q

What blood components cannot normally exit capillaries?

A

Red Blood Cells

Plasma Proteins

74
Q

Movement of dissolved molecules in response to a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

Many substances enter and leave capillaries by diffusion

75
Q

Movement via pinocytotic vescicles is called

A

Transocystosis

Important for Large, lipid-insoluble molecules that can’t cross capillary walls in any other way

76
Q

Movement of water and small solutes in response to a pressure gradient is called

A 
Bulk Flow
(Important for regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.)
77
Q

Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes FROM blood capillaries INTO interstitial fluid

A

Filtration

78
Q

Pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid INTO BLOOD capillaries

A

Reabsorption

79
Q

_______pressure within capillary favors flow____the capillary

A

Blood Hydrostatic

Out of

80
Q

_____(due to plasma proteins) within the capillary favors flow____the capillary

A

BCOP

Into

81
Q

How is the slight excess flow of fluid out of the capillary returned to circulation?

A

Via lymph system

82
Q

Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered. “near equilibrium”

A

Starlilng’s Law of the Capillaries

83
Q

What would happen if….

Lower than normal concentration of normal plasma proteins, due perhaps to liver dysfunction

A

Lower blood osmotic pressure (BCOP)

84
Q

What would happen if…

Increased capillary pressure due to poor venous return

A

Increased blood pressure

Causes more fluid to be filtered out of capillaries

85
Q

What would happen if….

Blockage of lymphatic circulation

A

Lymphadema

86
Q

Abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume. Lack of proteins

A

Edema

87
Q

What structures prevent backflow of blood within most veins?

A

Valves

88
Q

Formula for relationship between mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance

A

CO=MAP/R; MAP=CO x R

89
Q

If peripheral resistance and/or CO_____blood pressure will increase

A

INCREASE

90
Q

Arterial blood pressure can be homeostatically regulated by regulating either _____or ______

A

CO

Resistance

91
Q

Homeostatic regulation of arterial pressure is accomplished through the ______ reflex

A

Barorecptor

short term regulation

92
Q

Receptors for Baroreceptor reflex are located in the walls of the _____and _____ and detect _______. When blood pressure increases, the receptors are______and send____impulses

A 
Arch of aorta
Coratid sinus
pressure changes
stretched/stimulated
more
93
Q

The integration center for the baroreceptor reflex is the_____in the _____

A

Cardiovascular

Medulla

94
Q

The efferent pathway for the baroreceptor reflex is along_____and ______neurons

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

95
Q

The effectors for the baraorecceptor reflex are the _____and ______

A

Myocardium

smooth muscle

96
Q

Detects changes in blood level of O2, CO2 and H+

A

Chemoreceptors

97
Q

Regulates blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

98
Q

All arteries of systemic circulation are branches of the ____.

A

Aorta

99
Q

All veins of systemic circulation are tributaries of the _____or the ____

A

Superior Vena Cava

Coronary Sinus

Anatomy module 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions