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School Quarter 3 > Cardiovascular System- The Blood and the Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System- The Blood and the Heart Flashcards

25 M/C and 5 Short answer

1
Q

Name 3 formed elements found in whole blood(use scientific terms)

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

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2
Q

which formed element is used to determine a hematocrit?

A

red blood cell/erythrocyte

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3
Q

what is a hematocrit

A

the percentage of red blood cells in your blood

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4
Q

which layer of the blood is known as the buffy coat once it has been spun down?

A

the white blood cells and platelets

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5
Q

blood plasma is primarily made of water. What else is found in it?

A

hormones, gases, nutrients, uric acid, urea, ATP, waste, dead cells

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6
Q

Name 3 ways in which the structure of RBCs illustrates their function in the body.

A

Red blood cells have a bioncave shape, which allows for it to have more surface area in order for it to carry oxygen. Its round sides allow it to flow through blood vessels.

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7
Q

Why can’t oxygen travel through blood on its own.

A

Because it will dissolve in the blood if it is travelling alone. It has to be bound to hemoglobin in order for it to not dissolve and get to the body.

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8
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin protein carry?

A

4

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9
Q

in the center of each heme group, which atom of an element can be found?

A

iron

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10
Q

what is the function of the cells known as leukocytes?

A

to protect the body from foreign cells or substances

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11
Q

What are 4 ways erythrocytes differ from leukocytes?

A

Mature cells don’t contain nuclei, lives 100-120 days, confined to the bloodstream, concentration remains fairly constant

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12
Q

What is diapedesis

A

the passing of blood cells through the walls of capillaries into tissues

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13
Q

Name 2 differences between granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

agranulocytes have 1 lobe while granulocytes have 4; agranulocytes can exist without granules while granulocytes exist with them

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14
Q

name 5 types of leukocytes from highest to lowest concentration in the blood

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

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15
Q

Blood cells are formed by what process and where does it occur?

A

hematopoiesis, in red bone marrow

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16
Q

the stem cell that differentiates into all others is known as ___________

A

hemocytoblast

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17
Q

immature erythrocytes have huge numbers of ribosomes. What protein are these ribosomes manufacturing?

A

hemoglobin

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18
Q

describe what happens when oxygen levels drop in the blood

A

when oxygen levels drop in the blood, hypoxia occurs where not enough oxygen is being delivered to tissues and organs, rapid heart rate, red face, difficulty breathing; the liver and kidney begins to release erythropoietin in order to manufacture additional red blood cells

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19
Q

what does a sphygmomanometer measure?

A

blood pressure

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20
Q

name one on the arteries that can be used to take your pulse and the location of that artery

A

radial artery(wrist), carotid artery(neck)

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21
Q

an individual has type A blood. You would expect to find A _______ on the erythrocytes and anti-B ________ in the blood plasma of this individual

A

antigen; antibodies

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22
Q

What is hypertension? Explain why this can dispersly affect a person’s health?

A

Hypertension is high blood pressue. It can damage a person’s arteries by making them less elastic, decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. Puts extra strain on the blood vessels.

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23
Q

Which blood type is known as the universal donor? Which is the universal recipient?

A

donor: O- recipient: AB-

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24
Q

Two parents have heterozygous blood type A and blood type O? What blood type are their children?

A

50% of their children could be heterozygous type A while the other 50% is type O

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25
Q

Which type of blood is dominant and which is recessive?

A

A is dominant and B is recessive

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26
Q

Which 2 chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood? Which contain oxygenated blood?

A

The right atrium and right ventricle contain deoxygenated blood. The left atrium and left ventricle contain oxygenated blood

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27
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A

1) vascular spasm
2) formation of a platelet plug
3) the coagulation

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28
Q

describe the steps of hemostasis.

A

1)During vascular spasm, the blood vessels contract, reducing the loss of blood.
2) The platelets are chemically attracted to the wound and they clump together over the wound, forming the platelet plug
3)Coagulation is the process in which blood becomes thicker and clots together.

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29
Q

What is the difference between an embolus and thrombus?

A

An embolus is an abnormal clot that is moving through the blood stream. A thrombus is stationary.

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30
Q

A blood type characterized by the erythrocytes that have no A or B antigens on them is _________

A

type O

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31
Q

An Rh negative mother gave birth to an Rh positive baby. Explains her concerns for another pregnancy.

A

A concern for another pregnancy is miscarriage. If her baby is Rh positive, her body will attack the baby, thinking it is a foreign invader, since the mother is Rh negative. The baby can survive if she gets shots for the Rh antibodies. There is a higher chance of her bleeding out during and after pregnancy.

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32
Q

Name the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and the visceral pericardium

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33
Q

What is the role of the fibrous pericardium?

A

It provides protection and anchors the heart in place; it is tough and made up of dense connective tissue; prevents your heart from expanding too much

34
Q

what is the function of the parietal pericardium?

A

lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium and forms a sac around the heart, protecting it; an additional layer of insulation

35
Q

what is the function of the visceral pericardium?

A

protects the inner heart layers and assists in the productions of pericardial fluid; also known as the epicardium

36
Q

what are the 3 layers of heart tissue(in order from outside to inside)?

A

epicardium(upon), myocardium(middle), endocardium(inside)

37
Q

what are the 2 cardiovascular circuits and where do they deliver the blood?

A

1) pulmonary circuit: transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs
2) systemic circuit: this transports oxygenated blood to the body

38
Q

Blood just returned through the pulmonary veins. It well enter the _____ and then pass through the ______ valve.

A

left atrium; mitral/bicuspid valve

39
Q

where are the auricles found?

A

on the anterior side of the heart, covering the right and left atriums

40
Q

Describe the path of an impulse leaving the SA node.

A

SA node–>AV node–>AV bundle–>bundle branches–>purkinje fibers

41
Q

what are the two major portions of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) diastole-ventricles filling, chambers are relaxed and full
2)systole- ventricular contraction/ejection out of the heart

42
Q

what is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

A

heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

43
Q

describe 2 differences between veins and arteries

A

1) arteries have thicker walls than veins
2) arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
- veins are superficial

44
Q

arteries and veins have three layers. name them starting with the outermost layer.

A

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

45
Q

what is albumin?

A

a basic type of protein in the plasma that regulates osmosis between blood and tissues

46
Q

what is fibrinogen?

A

a basic type of protein in plasma that is used in blood clotting(quickclot)

47
Q

what are globulins?

A

basic type of protein found in plasma that transport substances or fight infection

48
Q

what is plasma?

A

the fluid matrix,rises to the top in a centrifuge; the liquid portion of the blood

49
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transports oxygen, hormones, and wastes; regulates body temp, pH, and fluid volume; prevents infection and blood loss

50
Q

what is blood?

A

a connective tissue made of cells suspended in a fluid matrix(plasma)

51
Q

what is the range of blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

52
Q

What is the function of an erythrocyte?

A

to transport oxygen around the body via hemoglobin molecules

53
Q

What is a heme?

A

a flat molecule that holds an Iron atom

54
Q

neutrophil

A

engulfs and destroy foreign bacteria; most common leukocyte and more are produced during an infection

55
Q

eosinophils

A

2 lobed nuclei, kills parasitic worms ingested in food, also lessens allergic reactions

56
Q

basophils

A

releases histamines, which dilate blood vessels so other leukocytes can rush to an infection or allergen

57
Q

lymphocytes

A

help body’s immune system fight cancer, bacteria, and foreign viruses; responsible for antigen production, has a large spherical nucleus; two types: B-cells and T-cells

58
Q

monocytes

A

reside in blood and tissues; find and destroy germs and eliminate infected cells

59
Q

What leukocytes are granulocytes? Which are agranulocytes?

A

granulocytes- eosinophils, basophils, neutrophil
agranulocytes- lymphocyte and monocytethr

60
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets; made of tiny fragments of other cells’ form clots and prevent/stop bleeding; patch up broken blood vessels

61
Q

what hormones stimulate the production of the three formed elements?

A

erthrocytes- erythropoietin
leukocytes- granulocyte colony-stimulating factors and interleukines
thrombocytes-thrombopoietin

62
Q

how is the Rh system determined?

A

by the presence or absences of an Rh antigen on rbcs

63
Q

direction of blood flow in the heart

A

blood enters the venae cavae(inferior or superior), then enters the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle, then passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the pulmonary trunk, through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The blood then goes through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. It passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, where it leaves through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta. The blood then travels through the blood vessels to tissues and organs.

64
Q

How do divers use the oxygen through a pressurized oxygen tank?

A

The divers breathe in pure oxygen, which allows them to take in less gas. Oxygen toxicity can occur due to high exposure to above-normal oxygen pressures, which can lead to a collapse in the lungs. This prevents the blood to get the oxygen it needs to supply the heart and body with oxygenated blood.

65
Q

What is BENDS?

A

compressed oxygen, lots of nitrogen in the blood stream; decompression sickness that is due to rapid decrease in the pressure; deals with a change in atmospheric pressure, pressure on the brain, and lack of pressure on lungs

66
Q

altitude sickness

A

caused by ascending too rapidly, not allowing the body enough time to adjust to reduced O2 and changes in air pressure; causes fluid to leak that leads to swelling and CSF puts pressure on the brain leading to encephalitis; deals with a change in atmospheric pressure, pressure on the brain, and lack of pressure on lungs

67
Q

Female heart attack symptoms

A

nausea vomiting, jaw, neck, or upper back pain, chest pain(sometimes), pain/pressure in lower chest or upper abdomen, SOB, lightheaded, indigestion, fatigue, present with a stomach flu that goes past 2 days, sweating, GERD

68
Q

male heart attack symptoms

A

chest discomfort, SOB, nausea, squeezing chest pressure or pain, anxiety, arm pain, indigestion, left arm shooting pain, lasts hours or days

69
Q

What is mitral valve regurgitation?

A

this causes backflow of blood in the heart, the heart muscles has to work harder and becomes weaker, leading to heart failure

70
Q

quick clot

A

mimics fibrinogen and body’s natural clotting, which then changes to fibrin which creates a seal preventing severe blood loss, saving lives of many of who would alternatively bleed out; has magnesium in it

71
Q

What disease did Damar Hamlin have?

A

Commotio Cordis

72
Q

Commotio Cortis

A

impact on the chest during upswing of the t wave; abnormal heart rhythm where cardiac arrest happens immediately when a hard object strikes the chest directly over the heart at a certain time of the heartbeat

73
Q

bradycardia?

A

slow heartbeat, far PQRST waves

74
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart beat, close PQRST waves

75
Q

what is a heart attack?

A

when oxygen cannot return to the heart because an artery or vein is blocked; heart tissue death occurs

76
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

most serious cardiac rhythm disturbance; chambers quiver but cannot pump much blood

77
Q

ischemia

A

reduced blood flow and oxygen to heart muscle, type of heart attack

78
Q

widow maker

A

type of heart attack; key artery that moves blood to heart gets almost or completely blocked; full blockage in the left anterior descending artery; mainly occurs in males

79
Q

interventricular septum

A

prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing

80
Q

what are the three arteries the aorta branches off to?

A

the bracocephalic, carotid, subclavian

81
Q

how can stroke volume change?

A

exercise and rapid blood loss

82
Q

how can heart rate change?

A

stress, hormones, ions, and physical factors(age, body temp, and overall health)

School Quarter 3 (3 decks)

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