Cardiovascular System (Part 2) - WEEK 2

Question 1

Which part of the cardiovascular system carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the body and returns ______________ back to the heart in right atrium?

Answer 1

Systemic Circulation, deoxygenated blood

Question 2

Which circulation transports oxygen-poor blood from which chamber from the heart to the lungs. Which in result picks up ___________? What happens next afterwards.

Answer 2

Pulmonary circulation, right ventricle to the lungs, blood picks up new blood supply.

What happens next? Returns the oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium

Question 3

What’s the percentage for systemic circulation?

Answer 3

84%

Question 4

What is the percentage in Pulmonary circulation?

Answer 4

9%

Question 5

When reading blood pressure, what are the values when reading systemic artery?

Answer 5

Systolic/diastolic = 120 mmHg / 80 mmHg

Question 6

What is the name of this artery when systolic pressure is 25 mmHg and diastolic pressure is 8 mmHg?

Answer 6

Pulmonary artery

Question 7

What is the systolic and diastolic pressures for hypertension?

Answer 7

140 mmHg / 90 mmHg

Question 8

What are the 4 major pathways for capillary?

Answer 8

Diffusion, intercellular cleft/space, fenestration, transcytosis (caveolae)

Question 9

What are components that are exchanged across the capillary vessel wall via 4 major pathways?

Answer 9

Nutrients, O2, CO2, metabolic waste products

Question 10

In the volumes of the blood graph, which component takes the small percentage? what is the percentage?

Answer 10

Capillaries, 5%

Question 11

With all the list of the structures of vascular walls, which vessel does not have smooth muscle?

Answer 11

Capillary

Question 12

With all the list of the structures of vascular walls, which vessels contain endothelium?

Answer 12

All of the them contain endothelium in each vessel

Question 13

Which blood vessel has a thicker wall? What about thin?

Answer 13

Thicker: artery
Thin: vein

Question 14

Identify on which blood vessel usually has a low blood pressure?

Answer 14

Vein

Question 15

In the concept of diffusion: lipid soluble substance, what are the two chemical substances that can diffuse directly through the cell membrane?

Answer 15

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Question 16

What substance can diffuse through the intracellular clefts? what type of cells are adjacent?

Answer 16

water-soluble, endothelial cells

Question 17

We all know that capillaries in the brain don’t have a fenestrae. So, what would it be called then?

Answer 17

nonfenestrated capillaries

Question 18

T/F All capillaries have a fenestrae

Answer 18

False. Not all capillaries have them

Question 19

Where is the transcytosis present of a cell?

Answer 19

Both endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 20

What is a caveolae?

Answer 20

They are vesicles in transcytosis of macromolecules across the endothelial cells

Question 21

T/F Caveolae substances are selective

Answer 21

True. Substances are selective

Question 22

What feature from the blood-brain barrier of the brain is enforced?

Answer 22

Astrocyte

Question 23

What are the features of the Artery?

Answer 23

High pressure and have thick smooth muscle

Question 24

What are the features of a Vein?

Answer 24

Have valves that prevent backflow of the blood & have a high compliance: increase volume = increase pressure

Question 25

Which blood vessel has a single layer endothelium and allows substances to exchange?

Answer 25

Capillary

Question 26

When you hear a patient that is diagnosed with Atherosclerosis, what do you think this is?

Answer 26

A build up plaque in the artery walls

Question 27

What occurred in the cause of Atherosclerosis? (4 reasons)

Answer 27

1) damage to endothelial cells induces inflammation
2) smooth muscle cells and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) penetrates tunica intima
3) LDL attracts macrophages. Macrophages would engulf the fatty material. Cell becomes filled with lipids called Foam cells
4) Fibrous cap is formed. A fracture of plaque’s fibrous cap can cause Thrombosis

Question 28

What is the Top 10 causes of Death in the USA?

Answer 28

Heart Disease

Question 29

When is the development of atherosclerosis? (age period)

Answer 29

may begin in young adulthood

Question 30

When is a good time to prevent atherosclerosis?

Answer 30

within in adolescence and young adulthood

Question 31

What is Tight Junctions?

Answer 31

Impermeable junctions PREVENT molecules from passing through the intercellular space

Question 32

What is Desmosomes?

Answer 32

Anchoring junctions which bind adjacent cells together like a molecular “velcro” and help form an internal intension-reducing network of forces

Question 33

What are gap junctions?

Answer 33

communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass for intercellular communication

Question 34

What are the 4 components that make up the structure of the vascular walls?

Answer 34

Endothelial cells, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, collagen fibers

Question 35

What type of component that has a rubber like material that accounts for most of the stretch of the vessels?

Answer 35

Elastic fibers

Question 36

Define Endothelial cells

Answer 36

cells that form a single continuous layer that lines all vascular segments

Question 37

What is the smooth muscle contain in the structure of vascular walls?

Answer 37

They are present in all blood vessels except capillaries & they exert tension by means of active contraction

Question 38

What is collagen fibers similar to?

Answer 38

fabric woven