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Int. Physiology - FALL 2020 > Cardiovascular System (Part 1) - WEEK 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Part 1) - WEEK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a DESMOSOME?

A

transmembrane protein complex for cell adhesion

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2
Q

In AP of cardiac muscle cells, what occurs in phase 3?

A

rapid repolarization

- Ca2+ channels close and slow K+ channels open

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3
Q

In AP of cardiac muscle cells, what occurs in phase 2?

A

plateau

- Ca2+ channels open SLOWLY and enters cell from ECM in a span of 0.2 sec

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4
Q

In AP of cardiac muscle cells, what occurs in phase 4?

A

resting membrane potential

- avg about -90 mV

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5
Q

What role does an AV node do in a cardiac conduction system?

A

Sends signal (transduction) to PURKINJIE FIBERS

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6
Q

What are the concepts of the cardiac conduction system?

A

(1) SA node fires and contract L/R atrium
(2) Takes approx. at least 0.2 sec to completely contract both atriums
(3) AV node sends signal to purkinjie fibers
(4) Ventricle contraction occurs in 0.2 sec

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7
Q

SA node is known as the…

A

heart’s natural pacemaker

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8
Q

The location of the SA node is in

A

superior posterolateral wall of the right atrium

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9
Q

The fibers of SA node consists of?

A
  • almost no contractile muscle filaments

- fibers connect directly with ATRIAL MUSCLE CELLS

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10
Q

When the AP occurs in the SA node, what happens next?

A

It spreads immediately into the atrial muscle mass (wall) then to the AV node

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11
Q

The location of the AV node?

A

posterior wall of the right atrium behind tricuspid valve

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12
Q

How long is the delay when excitatory signal is near the AV node? Which completes the contraction of?

A
  • delay of 0.16 sec

- completion of atrial contraction

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13
Q

What is the name of the concept of many heart muscle cells that are interconnected and excited together?

A

Syncytium

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14
Q

The separation of Atrial and Ventricular syncytium are considered as?

A

Two Syncytium

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15
Q

What is the fastest excitatory in the heart? What rate does go?

A

SA node; 70 to 80x per minute

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16
Q

What is the slowest excitatory in the heart? What rate does go?

A

Purkinje fibers discharge; 15 and 40x per minute

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17
Q

How fast does the AV node go?

A

Rate of 40 to 60x per minute

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18
Q

What occurs in the P-wave?

A

atria DEPOLARIZE before atrial contraction begins

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19
Q

Which part of the ECG waves have the ventricles depolarize before contraction?

A

QRS complex

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20
Q

Ventricular ______ is caused by the T-wave?

A

repolarization

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21
Q

When diagnosing an ECG, how long is the PR interval?

A

0.12 - 0.2 sec

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22
Q

If the PR interval is greater than 0.2 sec, what is present?

A

first degree heart block

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23
Q

Which interval reflects the heart rate?

A

RR interval

24
Q

arrthymia is known as

A

abnormal heart rhythm

25
Q

If a normal ST segment is slightly upward in an ECG graph, then what happens if it is too elevated. What does it cause?

A

myocardial infarction

26
Q

Cardiac cycle means _______

A

beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

27
Q

For each cycle of the cardiac cycle, which part create the initiation that makes an action potential?

A

SA node

28
Q

In the cardiac cycle, cardiac relaxation is called?

A

diastole

29
Q

In the cardiac cycle, cardiac contraction is called?

A

systole

30
Q

When the cycle begins, which chamber does the blood go to the most and how much blood runs through this chamber?

A

Ventricles, 80%

31
Q

When blood rushed to the ventricle chamber, what occurs next and how much blood did this chamber fill in the ventricles?

A

Atrial contraction occurred which gave ventricles 20 % additional blood

32
Q

Systole is known to be what again? When the ventricle is experience systole, it i going through isovolumetric contraction. The ventricle is experiencing pressure due to the amount of blood entering, which causes what?

A

causes the A-V valves to close

33
Q

With the ventricular pressure continuing to rise, what happens next to the body?

A

semilunar valves began to open

34
Q

With the semilunar valve open due to the ventricular pressure, how much blood is running in the aortic (left) and pulmonary artery (right)?

A 
Aortic (left): 80 mmHg
Pulmonary Artery (right): 8 mmHg
35
Q

First third of ejection, how much of this portion flows out, which cause the period of rapid ejection?

A

70%

36
Q

The next two thirds, the remaining percentage is empty, calling it the _____?

A

30%, period of slow ejection

37
Q

The cause of ejection infarction, how much blood in the ventricle is ejected during _______?

A

60% of blood, during systole

38
Q

Which chamber is never empty?

A

ventricle

39
Q

What is diastole again? At the end of the systole, what happens to the ventricles? Which also results these valves to close to prevent any blood back flow?

A

Contraction, ventricular pressure fall low, which closes the semilunar valves

40
Q

In the isolvoumic relaxation, the ventricular muscle continues to relax, which makes the ventricular volume to ______?

A

Not change at all

41
Q

When the intraventricular pressures decrease low, what happens to the AV valves?

A

AV valves OPEN to fill blood in ventricles which begins the cycle again

42
Q

What term is used during diastole when the blood flows to the ventricles which fill up the values of this volume?

A

End-diastolic Volume (EDV), 110 to 120 mL

43
Q

When the ventricles empty during systole, volume decreases about _____? What is the name of this concept?

A

70 mL, Stroke volume (SV)

44
Q

In order to get the end-systolic volume (ESV), how much remaining volume are left? What is the equation of ESV?

A

40 to 50 mL, ESV = EDV - SV

45
Q

The ejection fraction (EF) of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected, which is usually this value? What is the equation of EF?

A

value usually 0.6, EF= SV/EDV

46
Q

What is Cardiac Output (CO)? What is the equation of CO?

A

amount of blood pumped by heart per minute, CO= HR x SV

47
Q

In a Frank-Starling Mechanism, stroke volume is determined by what? Which this term is called what?

A

blood flow into the heart from the veins, called venous return

48
Q

Greater the heart muscle is stretch during filling, the greater?

A

Greater the force of contraction and greater the quantity of blood pumped into the aorta

49
Q

In the prevention of blood back flow, which valves prevent blood backflow from the ventricles to the atria during ______?

A

AV valves, systole

50
Q

In the semilunar valves, it prevents backflow from ______ and _______ into ventricles during ______?

A

aorta, pulmonary arteries, during ventricle diastole

51
Q

What is this term that attach the AV valves by the chordae tendinae?

A

papillary muscles

52
Q

The purpose of Papillary muscles is to prevent the AV valves bulging too far backward during _______?

A

ventricular contraction

53
Q

If the chorda tendinea or papillary muscle is ruptured. what happens next?

A

the valve would bulge far backward during ventricular contraction causing leakage AKA regurgitation

54
Q

What would you expect from a patient with Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Arrhythmia?

A
  • may not have symptoms

- P-waves are not shown and ventricular is in a irregular rate

55
Q

With Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Arrhythmia, lack of blood movement would lead to ______?

A

thrombus formation

Int. Physiology - FALL 2020 (2 decks)

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