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Year 1 LSS 1 > Cardiovascular System Facts > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Facts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the dimensions of cardiomyocytes?

A

100um long and 15um wide.

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2
Q

What are the measures of pre-load?

A

End-diastolic volume/pressure

Right atrial pressure

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3
Q

What are the measures of after-load?

A

Diastolic arterial blood pressure (as this is the pressure the heart needs to overcome for ejection)

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4
Q

What is stroke work?

A

Stroke Volume X Pressure

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5
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Increased diastolic fibre length increases ventricular contraction

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6
Q

What is the Law of Laplace?

A

When the pressure within a cylinder is held constant, the tension of its walls increases with increasing radius.

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7
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

SV = End-diastolic volume - End-systolic volume

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8
Q

How is ejection fraction calculated?

A

SV/EDV

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9
Q

What is ejection fraction normally?

A

65%

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10
Q

How is Cardiac Output calculated?

A

HR X Stroke Volume

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11
Q

What factors determine stroke volume?

A

Pre-load
After-load
Contractility

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12
Q

What does the S4 heart sound indicate?

A
  • congestive HF
  • pulmonary embolism
  • tricuspid incompetence
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13
Q

What does the S1 heart sound indicate?

A

Closure of AV valves

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14
Q

What does the S2 heart sound indicate?

A

Pulmonary and Aortic valves closing

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15
Q

What does the S3 heart sound indicate?

A

Turbulent ventricular filling

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16
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for potassium?

A

-80mV

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17
Q

What is the equilibrium potential for sodium

A

+66mV

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18
Q

How long does a cardiac action potential last in comparison to a nerve action potential?

A

Nerve: 2ms
Cardiac: 280ms

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19
Q

What drugs aim to reduce blood pressure acting as calcium channel antagonists?

A

Nifendipine
Nitrendipine
Nisadipine

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20
Q

How can blood flow through a capillary be calculated? (F=….)

A

F = pressure gradient/vascular resistance

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21
Q

What factors influence vascular resistance?

A

Viscosity, Vessel length and Radius (1/r^4)

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22
Q

For what stimuli can the microvasculature respond to local needs?

A
  • Active hyperaemia
  • Change in temperature
  • An increase in blood pressure
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23
Q

How can MABP be calculated?

A

MAPB = CO X TPR

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24
Q

What are the Starling Forces?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure

- Oncotic pressure

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25
Where do the lymphatics eventually drain?
Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct into the left/right subclavian veins
26
How much lymph fluid drains in one day?
3L
27
What does a small and large square equal to in seconds on an ECG?
0. 04s in small | 0. 20s in big
28
What are the leads in Einthoven's Triangle
Lead 1: LA (+) -> RA (-) Lead 2: LF (+) -> RA (-) Lead 3: LF (+) -> LA (+)
29
What is a normal cardiac axis?
-30 and 90 degrees
30
What is right and left axis deviation?
>+90 is a right axis deviation
31
What pathway does NO use to cause relaxation?
Upregulates guanylyl cyclase to covert GTP to cGMP. cGMP up-regulates protein kinase G.
32
What pathway leads an endothelial cell to produce NO?
Phospholipase C -> IP2 stimulates endoplasmic release of Ca2+, which up regulates eNOS. eNOS converts L-argenine and O2 to L-citruline and NO.
33
How does prostacyclin lead to relaxation?
Adenyl cyclase -> cAMP -> Protein kinase A -> relaxation.
34
How do thromboxane receptors work?
TP(beta) receptors work by phospholipase C pathway. But IP3 causes constriction in smooth muscle cells NOT relaxation. TP(alpha) receptors on platelets lead to platelet activation.
35
What is the synthesis pathway of adrenaline?
Tyrosine -> DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase DOPA -> Dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase Dopamine -> Noradrenaline by Dopamine beta hydroxylase Noradrenaline -> Adrenaline by phenyl-N-methyl transferase
36
Where are the different beta adrenoreceptors found?
beta-1 receptors are found in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of the GI tract. beta-2 receptors are located on bronchial, vascular and uterine smooth muscle. beta-3 receptors are found on fat cells.
37
Where are the different alpha adrenoreceptors found?
alpha-1 are located on post-synaptic effector cells, mainly on resistance vessels. alpha-2 are located on the presynaptic nerve terminal membranes. Some alpha-2 receptors are also found in vascular smooth muscle cells.
38
What is the sheer rate?
The velocity gradient at any point
39
How is sheer stress calculated?
Sheer rate X Viscosity.
40
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
SBP-DBP
41
How do you calculate mean blood pressure?
DBP + 1/3PP
42
What is the windkessel effect?
During ejection, blood enters the aorta faster than it leaves them.
43
How many times greater is venous compliance compared to arteriolar compliance?
10-20 times
44
What is the definition of hypertension?
more than 140/90mmHg
45
What are the stages of haemostatic plug formation?
1. Vessel contraction 2. Unstable platelet plug (primary haemostasis) 3. Stabilisation of plug with fibrin (secondary haemostasis) 4. Vessel repair and dissolution of clot.
46
What are the inhibitory mechanisms to prevent clotting?
- Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor - Protein C anticoagulant pathway - Antithrombin
47
Explain the mechanism behind fibrinolysis
Plasminogen binds to the fibrin clot. It is converted to Plasmin via a Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Plasmin degrades fibrin.
48
How does heparin work?
Accelerates antithrombin
49
Define atherosclerosis
The build-up of fibrous and fatty material inside the arteries.
50
What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
1) Endothelial dysfunction 2) Fatty streak formation 3) Formation of advanced lesion
51
What are the four key aspects of atherosclerosis?
Thrombosis Senescence Leukocyte recruitment Permeability
52
How do statins work?
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: lowers cholestrol synthesis.
53
How do macrophages still bind to mLDLs in LDLR-negative patients?
Through scavenger receptors.
54
What do macrophages secrete when activated by mLDLs?
Cytokines that recruit more monocytes Chemoattractants and growth factors of VSMC Proteinases that degrade tissue Tissue factors
55
What are the free radixes produced by macrophage enzymes?
``` NADPH Oxidase (superoxide O2) Myeloperoxidases (HOCL and HONOO) ```
56
How do macrophages influence VSMC in atherosclerosis?
- Platelet derived growth factor causes VSMC chemotaxis from Tunica media, VSMC survival and proliferation - Transforming growth factor beta causes VSMC to become more synthetic, producing collagen and matrix deposition
57
What percent of CHD can be attributed to the common risk factors?
80%
58
At what point does intermyocardial artery compensation for stenosis fail?
When stenosis is larger than 70%
59
Differentiate between the two types of thombus
White thrombus: platelet rich, common in arteriole thrombosis, benefit from anti platelet therapy Red thrombus: firebird rich (with trapped erythrocytes), common in venous or low pressure circulations, benefit from anticoagulative therapy
60
What is the prognosis for heart failure?
50% dead in 3 years
61
What are the different types of cardiomyopathy?
- Dilated - Restrictive - Hypertrophic - Arrhythmic right ventricular

Year 1 LSS 1 (3 decks)

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