Cardiovascular System Design

Question 1

Cardiovascular system is composed of what two circulations in series?

Answer 1

pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 2

interstitial compartment (internal environment) volume

Answer 2

12 L

Question 3

intracellular compartment volume

Answer 3

30 L

Question 4

circulating plasma compartment volume

Answer 4

3L

Question 5

blood vessels are distinguished by

Answer 5

physical dimensions, morphological characteristics and function

Question 6

blood flow through heart

Answer 6

deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium, right ventricle pumps this blood into pulmonary circulation, reoxygenated blood returns to left atrium, oxygenated blood is pumped by left ventricle into systemic circulation, tricuspid and pulmonary valves regulate entry into pulmonary circulation, mitral and aortic valves regulate entry into systemic circulation

Question 7

effective cardiac function requires efficient ventricular pumping

Answer 7

not arrhythmic, not stenotic, not insufficient/regurgitant, not failing, ventricles must fill adequately during diastole

Question 8

cardiac output

Answer 8

quantity of blood per unit time pumped into the aorta by the heart (typical is 5L/min)

Question 9

conditions that result in no effect on cardiac output

Answer 9

sleep, moderate changes in environmental temp

Question 10

conditions that result in increased cardiac output

Answer 10

anxiety, eating, exercise, high environmental temp, pregnancy, epinephrine

Question 11

conditions that result in decreased cardiac output

Answer 11

sitting or standing from lying position, rapid arrhythmias, heart disease

Question 12

starling’s law

Answer 12

stroke volume is proportional to the ventricular end diastolic volume. the larger the ventricular end-diastolic volume, the larger the stroke volume. primary regulators of cardiac output.

Question 13

arteriolar vasoconstriction via smooth muscle leads to

Answer 13

increase in peripheral resistance

Question 14

venous vasoconstriction via smooth muscle leads to

Answer 14

reduced venous volume and increase in cardiac output via starling’s law

Question 15

mean arterial pressure

Answer 15

defined as the average pressure over the entire cardiac cycle. estimated from diastolic pressure and pulse pressure.

Question 16

pulse pressure

Answer 16

defined as the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Question 17

dichrotic notch (incisura)

Answer 17

small dip caused by the backfilling of the aortic valve as it closes

Question 18

systolic pressure

Answer 18

peak arterial pressure reached during ejection of blood by the heart

Question 19

diastolic pressure

Answer 19

lowest arterial pressure reached during diastole when the heart is relaxed and filling with blood

Question 20

largest drop in mean arterial pressure occurs

Answer 20

across the arteriolar segment of the circulation