cardiovascular system current treatments Flashcards
how many deaths worldwise are attributable to cardiovascular disease
approx 1 in 3
best prevented through lifestyle changes
what is CVD
multifactorial with risk factors including hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity
drugs used to treat CVD - (5)
anticoagulant drugs
lipid lowering drugs
angina treatments
antihypertensive drugs
heart failure
examples of anticoagulant drugs
aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel
example of lipid lowering drugs
statins
example of angina treatments
nitroglycerin
examples of antihypertensive drugs
beta blockers, calcium channel blockers
examples of heart failure drugs
digoxin, amiodarone, candesartan, captopril
where does digoxin come from
foxglove plant
what do most CVD trugs target
the adrenergic GPCRs
aka adrenoreceptors
what are adrenergic receptors endogenously activated by
adrenaline/ epinephrine
noradrenaline/ norepinephrine
adrenoreceptors can be divided into two groups. what are they called
alpha adrenoreceptors
beta adrenoreceptors
alpha adrenoreceptors are subdivided into two groups. what are they called
alpha 1 and alpha 2
alpha 1 adrenoreceptors are ____ ____
Gq linked
interact with PIP2, increase PKC, CamK2
alpha 2 adrenoreceptors are ____ ____
Gi linked
dec cAMP
beta 1-3 adrenoreceptors are ____ ____
Gs linked
stimulate cAMP
adrenoreceptors have differential expression and function based on
where they are expressed
alpha 1 adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle
constrict blood vessels and bronchi
beta 1 adrenoreceptors in the heart
inc heart rate and force of contraction
beta 2 adrenoreceptors in the heart
increase heart rate and force of contraction
beta 2 adrenoreceptors in smooth muscle
dilate blood vessels and bronchi
in the heart, activation of beta 1/2 adrenoreceptors
increase levels of intracellular cAMP as they are Gs linked
inc PKA intracellularly
in the heart, activation of beta 1/2 adrenoreceptors causes inc PKA intracellularly. what does this cause
activation of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and L-type calcium ion channel (LTCC)
release of calcium activates calmodulin
this activates myosin light chain kinase MLCK
MLCK can phosphorylate myosin filaments (interaction between myosin and actin is phosphate dependent, allowing for contraction)
where is the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) located
sarcoplasmic reticulum