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a level pe anatomy and physiology > Cardiovascular system at rest/cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system at rest/cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A

Right atrium. Left atrium. Right ventricle. Left ventricle

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2
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

Tricuspid valve. Bicuspid valve. Pulmonary semilunar valve. Aortic semilunar valve.

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3
Q

What are the two blood vessels that attach to the heart?

A

Vena cava. Pulmonary artery. Pulmonary vein. Aorta.

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4
Q

What are the 4 features of the conduction system?

A

SA node. AV node. Bundles of HIS. Purkinje fibres.

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5
Q

How does the blood flow through the heart on the right hand side?

A

Vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery - lungs

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6
Q

How does the blood flow through the heart on the left hand side?

A

Pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valves - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - aorta - body tissues

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7
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

Specialised bundles of of tissue that transmit the electrical impulse through the heart causing a coordinated contraction

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8
Q

What are the 4 features of the conduction system?

A

SA Node, AV Node, Bundles of His, Purkinje Fibres

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9
Q

Describe the SA Node

A

Found in the wall of right atrium. sends impulse across both atria causing atrial systole.

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10
Q

Describe the AV Node

A

In the middle wall of the heart. Between atria and ventricles. Receives impulse from SA node, delays it for a moment to allow for atrial systole to finish and sends it down the bundles of his.

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11
Q

Describe bundles of his

A

in the middle wall of the heart. Transmits impulse to the bottom of the right and left side of heart

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12
Q

Describe purkinje fibres

A

in the walls of the ventricles. Causes impulse to penetrate into ventricle walls causing ventricular systole.

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13
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

all the events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
1- atrial diastole
2- atrial systole
3- ventricular diastole
4- ventricular systole
controlled by conduction system to produce highly coordinated contractions of the heart.

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14
Q

What is systole?

A

the heart working. The contraction phase of the heart chamber when it is pumping out blood.
1- atrial systole - blood pumped into ventricles.
2- ventricular systole - blood pumped in to pulmonary artery and aorta.

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15
Q

What is diastole?

A

the heart relaxing. The relaxation phase of the heart chamber when it is receiving blood.
1- atrial diastole - blood entering the atria via vena cava and pulmonary vein.
2- ventricular diastole- blood entering the ventricles from the atria.

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16
Q

Describe atrial diastole in relation to the cardiac cycle

A

No electrical impulse. Atria fills with blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein. AV valves closes. Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure. Blood start to pass passively into ventricles.

17
Q

Describe atrial systole in relation to the cardiac cycle

A

SA node fires electrical impulses across atria. Atria contract. AV valves forced open. Remaining blood is pumped into ventricles. Semilunar valves close.

18
Q

Describe ventricular diastole in relation to the cardiac cycle.

A

Impulses received by the AV node. Delayed for a moment to allow atria systole to complete. AV valve closes. AV node sends impulses down the right and left bundles of his into the purkinje fibres.

19
Q

Describe ventricular systole in relation to the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricles contract from the bottom upwards. Semilunar valves forced open. Blood is pumped out of ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta.

20
Q

What is heart rate (HR)?

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute. BPM

21
Q

What is the average value of HR at rest?

A

70 BPM

22
Q

What is the value of HR for an endurance athlete?

A

50 BPM

23
Q

How do you work out max HR?

A

200bpm - age

24
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Having a resting HR lower than 60bpm

25
Q

What causes bradycardia?

A

Increase size and strength of the heart (hypertrophy)

26
Q

What is stroke volume (SR)?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat. ml

27
Q

What is the average value of SV at rest?

A

70ml

28
Q

What is the value of SV for an endurance athlete?

A

100ml

29
Q

What does Starling’s law of the heart show?

A

That SV depends on venous return VR

30
Q

What is venous return (VR)?

A

The volume of blood returning to the heart. if VR increases, SV increases.

31
Q

What is cardiac output (Q)?

A

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute. l/min

32
Q

What is the average value of Q at rest?

A

5 l/min

33
Q

What is the average value of Q for an endurance athlete?

A

5 l/min

34
Q

What is the equation using Q, SV, HR?

A

Q = SV X HR

cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate

a level pe anatomy and physiology (5 decks)

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