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Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular System and Exercise > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System and Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

The CV system is involved in:

6

A
  • Transport of O2 & CO2
  • Supply nutrients
  • Circulation of compounds such as hormones
  • Waste removal
  • Thermoregulation
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2
Q

What cells make up the intrinsic pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial Node has leaky ion channels that result in spontaneous depolarization
SA-AV( slowed transmission which allows the atria to completely empty)-bundle his- purkinje fibbers (stimulate ventricle muscle fibres to contract)

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3
Q

Heart rate
Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output
Blood Pressure

A 
70-75 beats/min
60-70 ml/beat 
4.5-5L/min 
120/80 mmHg 
(systolic/diastolic)
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4
Q

Control of the CV system

A
  1. Autonomic Nervous System
  2. Baroreceptors
  3. Chemoreceptors
  4. Hormonal Control
  5. Mechano-Receptors
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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous system and Control of CV system

A

a) Sympathetic Control
release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings
b) Parasympathetic Control
release of acetylcholine from nerve endings

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6
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Respond to stretch when increase in Q and systolic blood pressure increase and inhibits sympathetic response
However, exercise over-rides baroreceptors

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7
Q

Chemorecpetors
Hormonal Control
Mechano-Receptors

A
  • Respond to [H+] & PCO2 - increase sympathetic drive
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine released from adrenal medulla - increase Q
  • increase afferent activity - increase Q
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8
Q

Blood Pressure

what is it? and how is it measured

A

The force of blood during ejection from LV distends the vasculature creating pressure
creates a wave- pulse
if measured properly pulse rate=HR
BP= Q*Total Peripheral Resistance
Mean BP= diastolic pressure +(1/3 systolic-diastolic)

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9
Q

What happens to BP during exercise during rhythmic exercise

A

Systolic BP rises due to an increase in Q
The vascular pressure is reduced at diastole (no change or slight decrease in diastolic BP during sub max exercise) during exercise because of vasodilation and an increased number of open arterioles reduces TPR

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10
Q

During Strength Exercise

A

muscular force above 50% MVC occludes blood flow

See a greater increase in BP during upper body exercise than lower because smaller vascular and vasculature of arm increases resistance to blood flow

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11
Q

Blood Flow

equation

A

=Pressure/resistance
Pressure is determined by Q
resistance is determined by TPR (radius, length and viscosity)
Flow= (pressure gradient(vessel radius^4))/(vessel lengthviscosity)

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12
Q

Blood shunting

A

Redistribution of Blood flow
-Vasodilation of arterioles via:
sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres release acetylcholine
-decrease in local PO2 and increase in PCO2, H, K, nitric oxide released from arteriole membranes dilate vessels

At rest, 2-% of Q is distributed to muscle
During exercise, 84% of Q is distributed to muscle via blood shunting

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13
Q

How to asses the mechanical events of the Heart

A

Electrocardiogram

Ultrasound -echocardiogram

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14
Q

SV is dependent on

A

Pre load
contractility
size of ventricle
After load

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15
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A

Increase pre-load leads to an increase filling of ventricles , increase in stretch which produces more optima heart muscle length, increased forced and increased SV

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16
Q

When does SV peak

A

at about 50 to 60% of max VO2

Plateau occurs due to an decreased filling time, and increased after load

17
Q

Anticipatory response

A

There is an increase in Q prior to exercise stress

  • removal of parasympathetic activity and increase in sympathetic activity
  • increase in catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla

This also occurs with VE - under afferent control from limb movement

18
Q

Cardiovascular response to Sub max exercise

A

increase in HR- quickly reaches steady state
increase in SV- untrained: 120 ml/beat, trained 200+ml/beat (Note females slightly lower: 80-100 / 120-130
increase blood shunting
increase in pre-load
reduction of pooling in extremities

19
Q

Maximal exercise

A

cardiac output maxes out as HR does
increase in Systolic BP, decrease in Diastolic BP
increase in Blood flow
increase in preload and increase in after load
decreased TPR

20
Q

2 components of VO2 max

A

Central- oxygen transport

peripheral- oxygen utilization (extraction)

21
Q

General Training adaptations

A
  • Cardiac Hypertrophy
  • decrease in resting HR
  • Increase in SV due to hypertrophy, better contractility and reduced after load
  • increase in blood volume and [Hb]
  • increase in capillary density and oxidative capacity
  • slight decrease in BP due to decrease sympathetic stimulation, lower total peripheral resistance
22
Q

Partial Pressure in the lungs

A

*addition of water molecules, increase in surface area at the alveoli, a mitre of CO2 and O2 from blood entering pulmonary capillaries
100-105 mmHg PaPO2
40 mmHg PaCO2

23
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the amount of gas dissolved in a fluid depend on the pressure differential between the air and fluid and the solubility of the gas

24
Q

Transit time

A-Vo2 diff

A 
-0.30-0.35 sec to re-oxygenate blood 
At rest, transit time is 0.75 s
During exercise, transit time is 0.3-0.4 
-At rest, 5 ml/100ml blood 
 At max, 15 ml/100 ml blood
25
Q

CO2 is 25 Times more soluble in then O2

A
  • dissolved in plasma (7-10%)
  • combined with Hb (20%)
  • combined with water to form bicarbonic acid
26
Q

O2 is mostly transported via hemoglobin

A

-1.34 ml O2/gram Hb
males: 15-16 g of Hb/100ml
females: 13-14 g of Hb/100ml
Note: hemoconcentration occurs as some plasma shifts occurs from the blood to the working tissues and through sweat loss
Results in a total increase in O2 carrying capacity of about 5-10%

27
Q

FEV1/FVC measures

A

the expiratory ability and general resistance to expiration
Normal is about 85%
if less than 70% it represents some sort of pulmonary obstruction - exercise induced asthma

28
Q

EIB

A

narrowing of bronchi

defined as a 10% drop in FEV1 after exercise

29
Q

Ventilatory exchange (VE)

A

=f (breaths/minute)*VT(tidal volume) and dead space (the portion of alveoli that are not well perfused with air and not fully involved in gas exchange)
Rest:3 to 15L/min
Max Exercise can exceed 200L/min

30
Q

VE and graded exercise

A

VE increases during graded exercise

-increase in TV (until about 60%) and frequency

31
Q

Ventilation control

A
  1. Brain: respiratory centre– medial medulla, hypothalamus and pons
  2. Afferent neural activity– limb mov stimulates VE response
  3. Chemoreceptors - in medulla, muscle chemoreceptors in carotid/ aortic arch
32
Q

What causes LT

A
  • increased requirement for anaerobic glycolytic energy supply
  • increase recruitment of FT muscle fibres which rely more heavily on glycolytic pathways
  • epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis
  • Blood shunting - decreased removal
  • low tissue O2 (questionable)
33
Q

What cause VT?

A
  • increased perception of energy demand by respiratory centre in brain, resulting in increased VE
  • increased afferent neural activity from muscle
  • increased H and CO2 levels that stimulate an increase in VE Note this is the primary link between LT and VT
34
Q

Relationship between LT and VT

A

Respiratory compensation refers to the overall process of respiratory assistance in buffering anaerobically generated H ions during graded exercise
Note: VT can precede LT if the subjects is depleted of glycogen or lacks the enzyme phosphorylase

35
Q

Training: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

VE is lower at rest and sub max
-greater efficiency
-lower afferent neural activity
-greater aerobic capacity of ventilatory muscles
VE is higher at max with endurance training
- partly due to higher overall cardiorespiratory fitness
higher V02 ax requires higher VE
higher VCO2 production requires higher VE

36
Q

Training: Pulmonary diffusion

A

greater alveolar- capillary gas exchange due to increases in lung surface area utilization and increases in lung volumes with training

37
Q

Does AT respond to training?

A
  • increase in oxidative capacity
  • increase in lactate removal
  • delay in onset of glycolysis
  • delay in glycogen utilization and increase in fat oxidization
  • increased O2 delivery and extraction
  • delay in Ft motor unit recruitment
  • delay in epinephrine release

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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