cardiovascular system

Question 1

Noninvasive procedures

Answer 1

NONINVASIVE

• ECG,SAECG.
• HOLTER ECG, BP.
• ECG EFFORT
• ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY(REST, STRESS, TEE).
• NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
• SPECT.
• MRI).

FONOCARDIOGRAMA,
MECANOGRAME, VITEZA UNDEI
PULSULUI(PWV)

Question 2

Invasive procedures

Answer 2

INVASIVE CARDIOLOGY

• RIGHT HEART CATHETERISATION.
• CORONAROGRAPHY.(+ivus).
• INVASIVE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Question 3

WHAT IS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Answer 3

IMAGING TECHNIQUE WHICH USES
THE ULTRASOUND PROPERTIES TO
GENERATE THROUGH DIGITAL
PROCESSING OF THE REAL TIME
MOVING STRUCTURES OF THE
HEART.

Question 4

WHY ECHO ?

Answer 4

-THE CHEAPEST IMAGING METHOD.

-AVAILABLE ANYWHERE.( ONE DOCTOR- ONE
ECHO MACHINE)

-REPRODUCIBLE

-OFFERS INFORMATION ABOUT CARDIOVASCULAR
STRUCTURES WHICH ARE NOT GIVEN BY OTHER
TECHINIQUES.

-LARGE AMOUNT OF HEMODINAMICAL DATA
OVER A SHORT TIME, ALLOWS FOR HEMODYNAMIC
MONITORING.

-GIVES INDIRECT INFORMATION ABOUT THE
CORONARYCIRCULATION.

-LARGE GROWTH POTENTIAL.

Question 5

WHAT ARE THE ULTRSOUNDS ?

Answer 5

Sonor vibrations with a frequency more than 20.000 Hz
IN adult cardiac echo the frequenciens are between 2-5 MHz, and in children echo 3,5-10MHz.

US are produced using piezoelectric cristals which are
submitted to an electric field, the cristals work for 1πsec as emmiter and the rest of the time until the next signal ( 1000 signals/ second) it works as a receiver
( 90% of the working time).

Question 6

Which are the ultrasound properties ?

Answer 6

1) in a homogenous substance the US are
propagating in a straight line.

2) When they are reaching the separation surface
between two substances- part of the US is
reflected, part is refracted.

3) By measuring the time from the source to the
reflection point one can easily calculate the
distance to the reflection point ( object of interest)