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Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What are the two aspects of the cardiovascular system?

A

Conduction System and mechanical pump

both must function for normal heartbeat to occur

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3
Q

What makes up the conduction system?

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS, right and left bundle branches and Purkinje fibres

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4
Q

Where does the conduction system initiate?

A

In the SA Node (100bpm)

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5
Q

How many BPM does the AV node depolarise to?

A

40-60bpm

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6
Q

What is the equation for Cardiac output?

A

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

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7
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

HR X SV= CO and SVR

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8
Q

What does SVR stand for?

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance

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9
Q

What do we need to maintain blood pressure?

A

An effective pump and venous return (preload) and pressure in the system (Afterload)

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10
Q

What are the two vital aspects of Cardiac Function?

A

Electrical activity and mechanical activity- if either fail the heart fails

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11
Q

What does the cardiac system contain?

A

It’s own autorhymicity

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12
Q

What is the SA Node?

A

It is normally the pacemaker of the heart 60-100bpm

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13
Q

What can act as a secondary pacemaker if SA Node fails?

A

AV Node- 40-60bpm

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14
Q

what can the cardiac conduction system be affected by?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

In the hearts mechanical pump- why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ?

A

due to the need to generate higher pressures in systemic arteries

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16
Q

What does myocardial contraction rely on?

A

Actin Myosin Sliding Filaments

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17
Q

What is required for a strong contraction to occur?

A

Calcium as it binds to the actin

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18
Q

What energy does contraction require?

A

high levels of energy in the form ATP- it also requires a huge amount of O2

19
Q

What is the hearts demand for blood supply?

A

5% total cardiac output

20
Q

what happens if there is a disruption to the supply of O2?

A

It can lead to arrthymias or damage to the muscle

21
Q

how much roughly of total body mass does the heart make up?

A

about 0.3%

22
Q

where is venous blood collected?

A

The Coronary Veins

23
Q

where does the venous blood drain directly to?

A

Drains directly into the right atria via the coronary sinus

24
Q

what are the two main phases of the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Diastole (relaxation) and Systole (contraction)

25
Q

How long on average does a full cycle take?

A

0.8 seconds

26
Q

what is the longest period of the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Diastole as this allows time for the atria and ventricles to fill

27
Q

what is the cardiac cycle driven by?

A

venous return from the superior and inferior vena cava

28
Q

what happens as the atria fills?

A

The volume exerts a pressure onto the AV valves

29
Q

What happens when the ventricles relax?

A

pressure gradient increases

30
Q

What happens when an MI affects the papillary muscles or valve infections?

A

It can cause malfunction of the valve (infective endocarditis)

31
Q

where do the veins carry blood to?

A

Back to the heart

32
Q

where do arteries carry blood from?

A

The Heart

33
Q

what has a vital role in maintaining BP?

A

Vascular System

34
Q

what affects Systemic Vascular resistance (SVR)?

A

dilation and constriction

35
Q

What is the filling of any heart chamber influenced by?

A

Venous return

36
Q

What are the two types of BP Control?

A

Neutral control and hormonal control

37
Q

Where is the nervous control managed in the brain?

A

It is managed by the cardiovascular centre in the medulla and pons of the brainstem

38
Q

Where are the cells that detect a reduction in renal blood flow and release renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

39
Q

Where does Renin convert Angiotensionogen to angiotensin I?

A

The Liver

40
Q

where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

A

The lungs

41
Q

Where is the antidiurectic hormone found?

A

posterior pituitary gland

42
Q

What does Angiotensin II stimulate?

A

It stimulates vasoconstriction of smooth muscle in the arterial circulation- increasing SVR

43
Q

What does ANP stand for?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

44
Q

What is ANP?

A

it is a hormone released in the heart when blood volume becomes great enough to stretch the atrial wall beyond normal

Cardiovascular System (2 decks)

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