Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 3 parts of the heart
A
epicardium,myocardium,endocardium
2
Q
What part of the mediastinum is the heart located in?
A
Middle Mediastinum of the thorax
3
Q
What way does the base of the heart face?
A
Dorsocranelly (to the rt)
4
Q
What way does the apex of the heart face?
A
Ventrocaudally (left)
5
Q
What is the pericardium?
A
fibroserous membrane that covers the heart
6
Q
what covers the outer thick layer of the pericardium?
A
Mediastinal Pleura
7
Q
What covers the surface of the heart and where does it start
A
On its base the visceral part of the serous pericardium reflects onto the heart (epicardium)
8
Q
What is the pericardial Cavity?
A
The space in between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
9
Q
What happens to the serous fluid when pericarditis occurs?
A
Fluid increases
10
Q
What does the pericardium connect to at the apex of the pericardium?
A
Sternum and Diaphram
11
Q
What structure connects the apex of the percardium to the sternum and diaphram?
A
Sterno pericardiac ligament (Phernco-pericardiac ligament
12
Q
What partially covers the cranial aspect of the pericardium?
A
Thymus in the crainal mediastinum
13
Q
What is the largest artery of the body?
A
aorta
14
Q
Where does the aorta arise from?
A
The left venticle
15
Q
From the left ventricle where does the aorta course and what is that called?
A
Cranially (Ascending aorta)
16
Q
What is the bend called where the ascending aorta courses dorsal and then caudal?
A
Aortic arch
17
Q
After the aortic arch, what is the aorta called?
A
thoracic aorta
18
Q
Where is the thoracic aorta located?
A
Ventrolateral to the bodies of the vertebrae and dorsal to the esophagus
19
Q
What side is the thoracic aorta located in relation to the median plane?
A
Left
20
Q
What does the thoracic aorta pass through before leaving the thoracic cavity?
A
Aortic hiatus (Hiatus aorticus) of the diaphragm
21
Q
what is the part of the aorta from the base of the heart including the aortic arch to the diaphragm called?
A
Thoratic Aorta
22
Q
T/F the coronary arteries are paired
A
T
23
Q
What is the parent artery of the coronary arteries?
A
Thoratic artery
24
Q
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
A
aortic sinus, before leaving the base of the heart
25
What do the paired coronary arteries supply?
Heart muscles
26
In the viscera do most organs have more than one arterial supply?
Yes
27
What is a collateral branch?
oppositely directed branches
28
When do anastomoses occur?
When branched arteries oppose each other within the same organ or region.
29
How are arteries named?
Organ they supply
30
What does the gastroduodenal artery supply?
Stomach and duodenum
31
What color are peripheral arteries?
Red
32
What color are pulmonary veins, left atrium and left ventricle?
Red!
33
What color are pulmonary arteries and right atrium and rt. ventricle?
BLUE!
34
What color is the Aorta and branches?
Red
35
What color is the pulmonary trunk?
Blue
36
what part of the mediastinum does the heart lie in?
Middle
37
Where is the cranial mediastinum?
Rostral to the middle mediastinum.
38
What mediastinum is caudal to the heart?
Caudal mediasttinum
39
What lymph node can interfere with respiration if enlarged?
Right Trachael bronchial Lymph node located near the right bronchus to the rt lung.
40
Is the pericardium attached to the apex of the heart?
no the base of the heart
41
What is the outer covering of the pericardium?
Mediastinal pleura
42
What secretes the fluid in the pericardsial cavity?
Serous membrane
43
What is typical pericardial volume?
1 mL
44
Where does the pericardium attach to the heart?
On the base dorsally but it is free ventrally
45
Tramatic ruminal pericarditis
Injury to the pericardium in rumenints
46
What does the phrenico pericardiac ligament attach to?
Diaphram caudally
47
What does the sterno pericardiac ligament attach to?
Sternum ventrally
48
Is the heart directly attached to the body
No the pericardium is attached to the diapharam caudally and the sternum ventrally through the phrenico pericardiac ligament and the sterno pericardia ligaments
49
What is the visceral layer of the pericardium also called?
Epicardium
50
In immature dogs, what is the cranial aspect of the pericardium covered by?
Thymus
51
Where do arteries go?
Away from the heart, can go through bone
52
Where does the mediastinal pleura extend to?
The roof to the floor of the thoratic cavity, from diaphram to thoratic inlet.
53
Where does the mediastinal pleura extend to?
The roof to the floor of the thoratic cavity, from diaphram to thoratic inlet, over the pericardium in the middle mediastinum.
54
Where is the mediastinal recess?
Between the right mediastinal pleura, plicae vena cava, the pericardium of the heart and diaphragm.
55
What does the mediastinal recess contain?
The accessory lobe of the right lung.
56
T/F The right pleural sac is perforated in the cat
True but not in dogs
57
What is the mediastinum?
space between two pleural sacs (Mediastinal Plurae)
58
WThe mediastinum extends from the ______ to the _______.
Thoratic Inlet, Diaphram
59
T/F pericarditis is only caused by the visceral pericardial membrane of the heart
F -pericardial fluid builds up when the serous layers of the pericardium produces fluid
60
What happens to the pressure inside the pericardial cavity when the pericardium becomes inflamed?
Intra-pericardial pressure increases and cardiac output decreases
61
The heart is located ______if the thorax
in the middle
62
Are the pleural Sacs the same as the space between the large and small sacs ?
No that is the pleural cavity
63
The lungs are located in the_____
Pleural Sacs
64
What is hydrothorax?
Excessive pleural fluid secreted by pleural sacs in pleuitis.
65
What is pneumothorax?
air due to stab wounds at the cupulae pleura or lungs
66
Where does a hemothorax occur?
Mediastinum and sometime pleural cavity
67
When does a hemothorax extend into the pleural cavity?
When the mediastinal plurae is punctured
68
what structures are located in the mediastinum?
Heart, major blood vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatics, nerves, longus colli muscle, esophagus, and trachea.
69
What way does the base of the heart face?
Dorsalcranially to the left
70
What way does the apex of the heart face?
Ventralcaudally to the left
71
The long axis of the heart bisects the long axis of the ____ at _____ degrees.
sternum, 40-45
72
In the cat the heart is more ____ than the dog at an angle of ______ to the sternum.
horizontal, 25-30
73
In the cat, the heart can be auscultated from ________.
Both sides
74
In the dog, the heart extends from the ______ to the______rib and _____ in some breeds.
3rd, caudal border of the 6th, 7th
75
In the dog the heart can be auscultated where?
In between the 3rd and the 5th intercostal spaces.
76
The left ventricle and a small portion of the right ventricle are located to the _____ of the ______.
left, median plane
77
What is the area called where the heart and pericardium are not covered by the lungs and where does this occur in the dog?
cardiac notch, on the right side
78
What is the cardiac notch in direct contact with in the dog?
right lateral thoratic wall ( the parietal/costal pleura)
79
Where is the cardiac notch found in the cat?
Both sides
80
What are the free borders of the lung lobes?
ventral and cover the heart
81
What are the free borders of the lungs used for?
palpation and auscultation
82
When describing the two surfaces of the heart, what relationship is it describing?
the relationship between the auricles and atria and the lateral thoratic walls.
83
What way does the auricular surface of the heart face?
Left thoratic wall
84
What parts of the heart are visible from the left side?
the right and left auricles, left atrium, part of the left ventricle and part of the right ventricle
85
What does the atrial surface of the heart face?
right thoratic wall
86
What is visible on the heart from the right side?
right atrium, a large part of the right ventricle and a part of the left ventricle
87
What do the grooves of the heart demarcate?
boundaries of the chambers of the heart
88
What is found in the grooves of the heart?
coronory arteries and veins and fat
89
The coronary groove demarcates _______ except at the _______.
ventricles from the atria, conus arteriosus
90
Where is the conus arteriosus of the heart?
cranio-dorsal part of the right ventricle
91
What does the conus arteriosus give rise to?
pulmonary trunk/artery
92
What marks the partition between the left and right ventricles?
Interventricular grooves
93
What do the interventricular grooves coincide with?
interventricular septum internally
94
What lies parallel to the conus arteriosus on the left?
paraconal interventricular groove
95
What covers the paraconal interventricular groove at its origin?
left auricle
96
T/F The paraconal interventricular groove reaches the apex
False
97
What groove lies below the large coronary sinus and what side does this occur?
subsinusoidal interventricular groove (sig)
| right
98
Where is the large cornonary sinus?
it runs in the coronory groove on the right side
99
What is contained within the large coronary sinus?
The great cardiac vein
100
What is the function of the atria in the heart?
Receive Blood
101
The ventricles _____ blood.
pump
102
What seperates the atria and ventricles?
inter-atrial septum
103
T/F the left atrium and left ventricle contract at the same time
False, the left and right atra and left and right ventricles contract and relax at the same time.
104
What is a systole?
when ventricles contract, higher barometer readiing means higher ventricular pressure
105
diastole
Ventricles relax-low ventricular pressure on barometer
106
What surrounds both atria?
Greater blood vessels
107
Where is the coronary groove interrupted at?
conus arteriosus
108
What landmark allows the atria and ventricles to communicate with eachother on the same side?
atrio-ventricular ostium
109
Where is the right atrium located with respect to the right ventricle?
Dorsocranially
110
where does the right atrium receive blood from?
cranial vena cavae and caudal vena cavae and the heart via the coronary sinus and sometimes the azygos vein
111
Where is the coronary sinus of the heart and what opens into it?
Below the opening of the caudal vena cava in the right atrium
112
Where does azygos normally open into?
caudal vena cava but sometimes into the right atrium directly (more likely in cats)
113
What does the right atrium consist of?
main chamber
sinus venarum cavarum
auricle
114
What side is the auricle visible from?
the left
115
What is the intervenous tubercle/crest?
transverse bridge that diverts blood from the veins toward the right ventricle
116
Where is the intervenous tubercle/crest of the heart located?
proximal to the sinus venarum cavarum between the two openings of the vena cava
117
What is located caudomedial to the intervenous tubercle/crest of the heart?
fossa ovalis
118
What does the foramen ovale become at birth?
It closes to become the fossa ovalis
119
What is just ventral to the caudal vena cava?
the coronary sinus
120
What does the coronary sinus serve as an opening for?
The great cardiac vein
121
What does the coronary sinus open into?
the right atrium
122
What is the right auricle?
an ear shaped extension of the right atrium
123
Where is the right auricle on the heart in relation to the atrium?
cranioventral to the atrium and to the left
124
The apex of the right auricle is ______ to the ________ trunk
cranial, pulmonary
125
Internally what is the wall of the right auricle supported by?
the pectinate muscles
126
What is the proposed function of the pectinate muscles of the heart?
Prevent turbulance by providing a rough surface to the atrium
127
Where are the pectinate muscles of the heart found?
internally and along the lateral wall of the right atrium.
128
Crista terminalis is _______
A thick ridge of cardiac muscle
129
Crista termanalis is located _______
between the entrance of the cranial vena cava and the right atrio-ventricular orfice
130
what does crista terminalis demarcate?
The sinus venarum cavarum from the auricle
131
The sulcus terminalis corresponds to ______ externally.
crista terminalis
132
The sucus terminalis of the heart demarcates ____ from ______.
cranial vena cava, auricle
133
Where is the left atrium located?
dorsocranial to the left ventricle
134
The left atrium receives ______blood from the _______ via ______.
oxygenated, lungs, pulmonary veins
135
Where do pulmonary veins open into and how many?
5-6 open into the left artrium
136
The caudal most pulmonary veins are from where?
The caudal lobes of the lungs and are larger than the rest
137
What does the left atrium consist of?
The main chamber, cul de sac, left auricle
138
On the heart, where is the left auricle located?
caudal to the conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk
139
what seperates the right and left auricle?
conus arteriosus and pulmonary trunk
140
What is different about the pectinate muscles in the left atrium?
They are absent on the lateral wall of the left atrium.
141
What is absent in the left atrium that is not in the right atrium?
Intervenous tubercle and crista terminalis, pectinate muscles on the lateral/parietal wall
142
the valve of the foramen ovale may be found where?
the septal wall of the left atrium at the same level of the fossa ovalis on the right.
143
Where is the right ventricle located?
ventrocranial aspect of the heart
144
Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
systemic blood from the right atrium
145
Where does the blood go from the right ventricle?
The blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation
146
The right atrium extends from the ___________ to the _______, cranially and _________ ventro______ to the ______ dorsally.
subsinusoidal interventricular groove, coronary arteriosus, paraconal interventricular groove ventrolaterally, coronary groove.
147
What is the structure called that the blood from the right atrium enters the right ventricle?
right atrioventricular ostium
148
Where is the right atrioventricular ostium located?
Between the cusps of the right atrioventricular valve.
149
From what structure does the blood reach the lungs from the right ventricle?
pulmonary trunk
150
What does the pulmonary trunk correspond to externally?
The conus arteriosus
151
Where does the supraventricular crest lie?
right atrioventricular valve and the pulmonary trunk ostium
152
What are the structures inside the right ventricle called?
trabeculae carnae
153
What is located on the septal wall of the right ventricle?
papillary muscles
154
How many papillary muscles are in the right ventricle?
4
155
What arises from the papillary muscles of the right ventricle?
fibromuscular cords called chordae tendineae
156
What is the function of the chordae tendinae?
They attach the cusps to the septal wall to prevent eversion of the valves
157
In the right ventricle, which fibromuscular cords attach the septal wall to the outer wall
Septomarginal trabeculae
158
What is the function of septomarginal trabeculae?
conduct impulses directly to the papillary muscles in advance to activate the cusps through the cordae tendinae to close the valve just before ventricular systole
159
where is the left ventricle located?
ventrocaudal aspect of the heart
160
T/F the left ventricle does not extend into the apex
F-it does
161
T/F the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood
T
162
Where does the left ventricle receive blood from?
the lungs through the left atrium
163
How does oxygenated blood move from the left ventricle to the body?
branches of the aorta
164
What part of the heart forms the apex?
Left ventricle
165
The left ventricle extends from the______on the left and _____ on the right and dorsally from the _______ to the ________.
paraconal interventricular groove (PIG), Subsinuoidal interventricular groove (SIG), coronary groove,apex
166
The wall of the left ventricle is _____ ______ than the right.
3-4 times thicker
167
Where does the blood from the left atrium enter the left ventricle?
large left atrioventricular ostium
168
What is the left atrioventricular ostium guarded by?
The cusps of the left atrioventricular valve
169
What does the blood from the left ventricle exit from and into?
aortic ostium into the aorta to the body or the heart
170
What arises from the outer wall or close to the interventricular septa of the left ventricle?
Two large papillary muscles (subauricular, subatrial)
171
T/F the papillary muscles of the heart carry conduction fibers
True
172
Which heart chamber has the stronger chordae tendinae?
Left ventricle because ventricular systole pressure is greater than the right
173
Where does the membranepus part of the interventricular septum extend to?
Beneath the septal cusp of the atrioventricular valve
174
what part of the heart is closed last during embryonic development?
membraneous part of the interventricular septum
175
what defects may occur in the membraneous part of the interventricular septum in dogs?
persistant interventricular connections or septal defects
176
What are the muscular ridges on the interventricular septum called?
trabeculae carneae (more prominant then on the rt. ventricle)
177
Which lung is larger?
Right
178
Wich groove is circumferential?
corony groove
179
The coronary groove circles the base of the heart except __________
at the conus arteriosis
180
what is contained in the coronory groove?
the corotid artery
181
What is parallel to the paraconal interventriculkar groove?
conus arteriosus
182
What is the function of the atrioventricular valves?
Intake valves to the ventricles and Prevent backflow into the atrium during the systolic phase
183
What guards the atrioventricular valves?
cusps
184
On the atrioventricular valves what are the basal border of the cusps attached to?
the fibrous rings known as the cardiac skeleton
185
What part of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves are attached to the chordae tendinae?
The ventral free portion
186
How many cusps does the left atrioventricular valve have?
2 (septal and marginal) called the bicuspid valve
187
Which valve is the bicuspid valve?
The left atrioventricular valve
188
Which valve is the tricuspid valve?
The right atrioventricular valve (3rd cusp is not well developed in all breeds)
189
What is the origin of the aorta called?
Aortic valve
190
The aortic valve is located ______ at the ______ of the heart and is _____ to the ______cusp of the ______ atrioventricular valve.
The aortic valve is located almost center at the base of the heart and is medial to the septal cusp of the left atrioventricular valve.
191
How many cusps does the bulb of the aorta contain?
3
192
Where are the aortic sinuses located?
between the wall of the aorta and the cusps
193
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
Two of the 3 aortic sinuses
194
What do the aortic cusps do?
prevent backflow of blood into the left ventricle after the systolic phase.
195
How are the aortic cusps secured to the cardiac skeleton?
fibrous trigones
196
Where does the pulmonary trunk arise from?
craniodorsal aspect of the right ventricle
197
What is a prominent feature on the craniodorsal aspect of the right ventricle?
the conus arteriosus
198
T/F blood vessels arise from the pulmonary sinuses
F
199
how many cusps can be found on the pulmonary valve and sinuses?
3
200
What is the cardiac skeleton consist of?
fibrous rings with hyaline cartilage in some
201
where is the cardiac skeleton located?
At the base of the heart
202
What are the functions of the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton?
cardiac muscle and cusps attachment
203
What do the fibrous rings of the cardiac skeleton seperate?
The thin atrial musclature and thick ventricular musculature
204
why is it important to separate the thin and thick musculature of the of the atria and ventricles
so there is an independent conduction cycle and for electrical insulation
205
what regulates the contraction cycle of the heart?
Autonomic and special conduction fibers
206
Where does the fibrous trigone develop?
In between the aortic ring and atrioventricular rings.
207
T/F the fibrous trigone has hyaline cartilage
Sometimes
208
What is the ossification of the fibrous trigone called in ruminants?
Os cardis
209
Where do cardiac cells connect at?
intercalated discs with a specialized junction for conducting electrical impulses.
210
What do pacemaker cells do?
Can generate a spontaneous action potential and determine the rate of cardiac beat, (independent of nervous system)
211
What is another name for a pacemaker cell?
purkinje cells
212
where are the pacemaker cells located in the heart?
sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
213
The electrical impulses generated at _____ are propagated via the _________ _________.
The electrical impulses generated at nodes are propagated via the atrioventricular bundle..
214
What is the function of the atrial myocardial syncytium and james internodal tract?
conduct electrical impulses that are generated in the sinoatrial node and move to the atrioventricular node.
215
What part of the heart conducts electrical impulse to the ventricles?
In the His bundle of the atriaventricular node
216
What does the atriventricular bundle pass through?
the interventricular septum and then divides into left and right branches to supply th left and right ventricle
217
Where does each branch of the atrioventricular bundle course towards?
base of each ventricle following the outer wall
218
As each branch of the atriventricular bundle of the heart passes through the interventricular septum what structure do the additonal branches pass through and then supply blood to?
they pass through the trabeculae septomarginals to the papillary muscles and the outer wall of each ventricle
219
To auscultate the aortic valve which side would you listen to and where do you draw the horizontal line from?
On the left side you draw a horizontal parallel line to the sternum from the level of the shoulder joint that intersects the 4th intercostal space.
220
What can you aucultate on the right side?
Atrioventricular valve
221
At the level of the ________ __________ you can auscultate the left and right atrioventricular valve, and pulmonary valve.
Costochondral joint
222
What side and what intercostal space do you auscultate the right atrioventricular valve?
right side and 4th intercostal space. (between ribs 3 and 4)
223
What side and what intercostal space do you aulcultate the pulmonary valve?
Left side and the 3rd intercostal space (between ribs 2 and 3)
224
Which side and what intercostal space landmarks the left atrioventricular valve?
Left side and 5th intercostal space (ribs 4 and 5)
225
What 3 to 4 veins empty into the right atrium?
crainal and caudal vena cavae, azygos (some), and the great cardiac vein
226
What does the right atrium contract to open?
the right atrio-ventricular valve
227
Where does blood flow after the right atrio-ventricular valve opens?
The right ventricle
228
When blood flows into the right ventricle and it contracts what closes the right atrio-ventricular ostium?
The tricuspid valve
229
After the right atrio-ventricular valve closes what opens to allow blood to flow into the lungs and what does that blood flow through?
the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary trunk
230
After blood is oxygenated in the lungs where does it flow into and it is brought by what?
left atrium via pulmonary veins
231
Once the left atrium contracts after filling what opens?
The left atrio-ventricular valve and blood flows into the left ventricle
232
What closes the left atrio-ventricular ostium after the left ventricle fills?
the bicuspid valve which then opens the aortic valves
233
Where does oxygenated blood flow after leaving the heart?
aorta
234
where does the aorta arise from?
left ventricle
235
In the thoracic cavity, what lines the body walls?
parietal pleura
236
What membrane covers the lungs?
visceral pleura
237
What is the mediastinum?
A fibrous septum that divides the thoracic cavity
238
What structures are covered by the mediastinal pleura?
Thymus, heart, aorta, esophagus
239
What connects the caudal vena cava to the mediastnum?
plica vena cava
240
Where does the aorta arise from?
Left ventricle
241
Where does the aorta course?
cranially, dorsally and then caudally
242
The cranial portion of the aorta is called what?
ascending aorta
243
After the aortic arch, what is the aorta called?
The thoracic or descending aorta
244
Where is the thoracic aorta located in reference to the esophagus?
dorsal
245
What lies ventrolateral to the thoracic aorta?
Bodies of the vertebrae
246
Where is the thoracic aorta in relation to the median plane?
Slightly towards the left
247
What structure does the thoracic aorta pass through to leave the thoracic cavity?
aortic hiatus of the diaphram.
248
What is the aorta called from the base of the heart (aortic arch included) to the diaphram?
Thoracic aorta
249
The thoracic aorta and aortic arch gives off what branches?
Coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, the left subclavian artery,
250
T/F cornory arteries are paired
True
251
Where do the coronary arteries arise from??
within the aoric before the aorta leaves the base of the heart
252
T/F the coronary ateries supply the heart and pericardium
False,The coronary arteries supply only the heart musculature
253
T/F A vein runs with the coronary arteries
True
254
T/F The course of the l and R coronary arteries is the same
False
255
The left coronary artery arises from _____
The left aortic sinus in the base of the heart
256
What does the left coronary artery divide into?
Circumflex artery, a deep septal branch and paraconal interventricular artey
257
Where does the circumflex artery live?
The coronary groove of the heart.
258
Where does the circumflex artery give branches off to?
The left atrium and auricle
259
The wall of the left ventricle is supplied by _________.
descending branches of the circumflex artery
260
Where does the circumflex artery of the left coronary artery terminate?
as the subsinuodal interventricular artery
261
What is the left marginal branch or the circumflex artery of the left coronary artery adjacent to?
Subsinusoidal interventricular artery on the right
262
The paraconal interventricular artery is a branch of _______ and supplies ________
the left coronary artery, both ventricles
263
The paraconal interventricular artery reaches where?
To the apex of the heart
264
The paraconal interventricular artery terminates where?
After passing the ventral border of the right ventricle.
265
where does the right coronary artery arise from?
Right aortic sinus of the heart
266
T/F the right coronary artery supplies more area then the left?
False it is the left
267
Where is the right coronary artery located?
In the coronary groove of the heart with the vein
268
Where does the right coronary artery give off branches to?
Right Atrium and right auricle
269
The descending branches of the right coronary artery supply_______
wall of the right ventricle
270
T/F, the terminal branches of the right cornary artery anastomose with the circumflex artery
False
271
What is the implicatrion that the coronary artery branches do not anastomose?
If they are blocked they have no alternate route.
272
First branch of the aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
273
Where does the brachiocephalic trunk course?
Slightly to the right under the trachae
274
What mediastinum does the brachiocephalic trunk course?
cranial
275
What does the brachiocephalic trunk give off?
left and right common carotidarteries and right subclavian
276
Where does the left subclavian artery arise from?
aortic arch
277
Where does the left subclavian artery course?
dorsolateral
278
Where does the left subclavian artery coarse to?
the esophagus
279
What arteries supply the head and neck?
Two common carotid arteries
280
Where do the left and right common carotid arteries coarse?
dorsolateral aspect of the trachea with the vagosympathetic trunk
