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Chapter 10-11 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

major function of the cardiovascular system

A

transportation

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2
Q

force to move the blood around the body is provided by the

A

beating heart and by blood pressure

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3
Q

heart is enclosed within the

A

mediastinum

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4
Q

mediastinum

A

medial cavity of throax

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5
Q

great vessels of body emerge from

A

posterosuperior aspect or base

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6
Q

heart is enclosed by double walled sac called

A

pericardium

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7
Q

Loosely fitting superficial part of pericardium is called

A

fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

function of fibrous pericardium

A

protect heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as disparage and sternum

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9
Q

deep to fibrous pericardium is the slippery

A

serous pericardium

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10
Q

slippery lubricating fluid is produced by

A

serous pericardial membranes

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11
Q

function of the fluid secreted by serous pericardial membranes

A

allows heart to beat easily

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12
Q

inflammation of pericardium

A

pericarditis

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13
Q

pericarditis often results

A

in the decrease in the serous fluid

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14
Q

heart walls are composed of

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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15
Q

myocardiums consist of

A

thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements

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16
Q

layer that contacts

A

myocardiums

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17
Q

the myocardium is reinforced internally by a dense fibrous connective tissue network called the

A

“skeleton of the heart”

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18
Q

Glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers

A

endocardium

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19
Q

heart has how many chambers or cavities?

A

4

2 atria and 2 ventricles

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20
Q

each of the chambers in heart is lined with

A

endocardium

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21
Q

function of endocardium

A

helps blood flow smoothly through the heart

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22
Q

superior atria are primary

A

receiving chambers

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23
Q

not important in pumping activity

A

atria

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24
Q

inferior thick walled ventricles are the

A

discharging chambers

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25
Q

actual pumps of the heart

A

ventricles

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26
Q

right ventricle forms most of the

A

heart’s anterior surface

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27
Q

septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as either

A

interventricular septum or interatrial septum

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28
Q

heart functions as a

A

double pump

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29
Q

right side of the heart works as

A

the pulmonary circuit pump

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30
Q

the pulmonary circuit pump receives;through

A

oxygen poor blood from veins

large superior and inferior venae cavae

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31
Q

from which all systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues

A

aorta

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32
Q

pumps the blood out through

A

pulmonary trunk

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33
Q

pulmonary trunk splits into

A

pulmonary arteries

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34
Q

function of pulmonary arteries

A

carries blood to lungs, where oxygen is picked up and co2 is unloaded

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35
Q

oxygen rich blood drains from the what and is returned to what side of the heart through?

A

Lungs
Left side
through pulmonary veins

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36
Q

circulation from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is called the

A

pulmonary circulation

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37
Q

function of pulmonary culation

A

carry blood from to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart

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38
Q

blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the

A

aorta

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39
Q

oxygen poor blood circulates from the tissues back to the right atrium via

A

the systemic veins

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40
Q

characteristics of left ventricle

A

pumps blood over a much longer pathway

walls are thicker than right ventricle

much more powerful pump

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41
Q

difference between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation

A

systemic- carry oxygen rich blood to all body organs

pulmonary- carry blood from lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart

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42
Q

located between atrial and ventricular chambers

A

atrioventricular (AV)

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43
Q

Left AV valve

A

bicuspid or mitral

consists of 2 flaps

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44
Q

Right AV valve

A

tricuspid valve

consists of 3 flaps

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45
Q

Tiny white cords

A

chordae tendenae

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46
Q

function of chordae tendenae

A

anchors the flaps to the walls of the ventricles

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47
Q

When ventricles contract,

A

they pres on the blood in their chambers and the intraventricular pressure begins to rise

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48
Q

guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

A

semilunar valves

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49
Q

semilunar valves are known as the

A

polmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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50
Q

AV valves are open during and closed during

A

heart relaxation

ventricles are contracting

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51
Q

semilunar valves are closed and open during

A

heart relaxation

ventricles are contracting

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52
Q

The cuntional blood supply and that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by

A

right and left coronary arteries

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53
Q

coronary arteries branch from the

A

base of the aorta

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54
Q

coronary arteries encircles the heart in

A

coronary sulcus

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55
Q

another name for coronary sulcus

A

atriventricular groove

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56
Q

myocardium is drained by; which is drained into an enlarged vessel on the posterior of the heart called the

A

several cardiac veins

coronary sinus

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57
Q

empties into the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

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58
Q

when the heart beats at a very rapid rate, the myocardium may receive

A

an inadequate blood supply because the relaxation periods are shortened

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59
Q

Situations in which the myocardium is deprived of oxygen often result in

A

crushing chest pain called angina pectoris

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60
Q

myocardial infarction is commonly called

A

heart attack or coronary

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61
Q

heart valves are important because

A

it moves the blood forward through the heart

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62
Q

2 systems act to regulate heart activity

A

nerves of the autonomic nervous system

intrinsic conduction system

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63
Q

autonomic nervous system act like

A

brakes and accelerators to decrease or increase the heart rate depending on which division is activated

64
Q

Another name for intrinsic conduction system

A

nodal system

65
Q

intrinsic conduction system is built into

A

the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm

66
Q

Important part of the intrinsic conduction system

A

sinoatrial

67
Q

sinoatrial is located in the

A

right atrium

68
Q

has the highest rate of depolarization in the whole system

A

sinoatrial (SA)

69
Q

SA is often called the

A

pacemaker

70
Q

Clinical procedure for mapping the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiography

71
Q

atria and ventricles are separated from one another by

A

“insulating” connective tissue

72
Q

heart begins to beat at their own rate, which is slower, some or all the time

A

heart block

73
Q

Lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle leads to

A

fibrillation

74
Q

define fibrillation

A

a rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle

75
Q

fibrillation makes the heart

A

totally useless as a pump

76
Q

major cause of death from heart attacks in adults

A

fibrillation

77
Q

rapid heart rate

A

tachycardia

78
Q

a heart rate that is substantially slower than normal

A

bradycardia

79
Q

prolonged tachycardia progress to fibrillation

A

fibrillation

80
Q

Synstole and diastole

A

heart contraction and relaxation

81
Q

refers to the events of one complete heart beat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

A

cardiac cycle

82
Q

abnormal and unusual heart sounds are called

A

heart murmurs

83
Q

function of the intrinsic conduction system

A

coordinate the action of the heart chambers and increases heart beat

84
Q

to which chambers do the terms systole and diastole apply?

A

left ventricle

85
Q

what causes the lub dup sounds heard with a stethoscope?

A

operation of the heart valves

86
Q

Describe cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart

87
Q

cardiac output is the product of the

A

heart rate and the stroke volume

88
Q

stroke volume is the

A

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heart beat

89
Q

stroke volume increases as the force of

A

ventricular contraction increases

90
Q

critical factor controlling stroke volume is

A

how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched before they contract

91
Q

important factor stretching the heart muscle is

A

venous return

92
Q

anything that increases the volume or speed of venous return also increases

A

stroke volume and force of contraction

93
Q

when the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs

A

congestive heart failure

94
Q

if the left heart fails

A

pulmonary congestion occurs

95
Q

if the right heart fails,

A

peripheral congestion occurs

96
Q

feeds the capillary beds in the tissues

A

arterioles

97
Q

walls of blood vessels have

A

3 coats or tunics

98
Q

thin layer of edothelium resting on a basement membrane

A

tunica intima

99
Q

describe tunica media

A

bulky middle coat

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

100
Q

sheets of elastic tissue

A

elastic laminae

101
Q

smooth muscle is controlled by

A

sympathetic nervous system

102
Q

changes the diameter of vessels

A

smooth muscle

103
Q

outer most tunic
composed of?
function?

A

tunica externa
fibrous connective tissue
support and protect vessels

104
Q

amount of blood returning to the heart

A

venous return

105
Q

larger veins have;

that prevents

A

valves

prevent backflow of blood

106
Q

also helps return blood to the heart

A

respiratory pump

107
Q

transparent walls of the capillaries are only

A

one cell layer thick

just the tunica intima

108
Q

exchanges between the blood and the tissues can be made because of

A

the capillaries are only only cell layer thick

109
Q

tiny capillaries tend to form interweaving networks called

A

capillary beds

110
Q

flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule through a capillary bed is called

A

microcirculation

111
Q

capillary bed consists of 2 layers

A

vascular shunt

true capillaries

112
Q

describe vascular shunt

A

a vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule at opposite sides of the bed

113
Q

describe true capillaries

A

actual exchange vessels

114
Q

root of each true capillary and acts as a valve to regulate the flow of blood into capillary

A

precapillary sphincter

115
Q

when precapillary sphincter are relaxed

A

blood flows through the true capillaries and takes part in exchanges with tissue cells

116
Q

when precapillary sphincter are contracted

A

blood flows through the shunts and bypasses the tissue cells

117
Q

common in people who stand for long periods of time

A

varicose veins

118
Q

a serious complication of varicose veins is called

A

thrombophlebitis

119
Q

describe thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poop circulation

120
Q

common consequence of thrombophlebitis is

A

clot detachment and pulmonary embolism

121
Q

all venous blood must pass through the

A

pulmonary circulation

122
Q

pericarditis cause pericadial layers to

A

bind and stick to each other, forming painful adhesions that interfere with heart movements

123
Q

superior atria are primarily

A

receiving chambers

124
Q

when ventricles contract

A

blood is propelled out of the heart and into the circulation

125
Q

supplies oxygen and nutrient rich blood to all body organs

A

systemic circulation

126
Q

AV precent

A

backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

127
Q

semilunar valves are called pulmonary or aortic semilunar valves because

A

it guards the bases of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

128
Q

when the ventricles are contracting and forcing blood out of the heart

A

leaflets are forced open

129
Q

when the ventricles relax

A

blood begins to flow backward toward the heart, closing valves

130
Q

AV valves are open during

A

heart relaxation

131
Q

forces the heart to pump and repump the same blood

A

incompetent valve

132
Q

valve flaps become stiff often because of repeated bacterial infection of endocardium

A

valvular stenosis

133
Q

valvular stenosis forces heart to

A

contract more vigorously than usual

134
Q

functional blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by the

A

right and left coronary arteries

135
Q

if angina pectoris is prolonged the oxygen deprived heart cells may die forming

A

infarct

136
Q

causes heart muscle depolarization in only one direction, from atria to the ventricles

A

intrinsic conduction system

137
Q

crescent shaped node of the intrinsic conduction systeem

A

sinoatrial

138
Q

damage of the SA node results in a

A

slower heart rate

139
Q

heart in complete relaxation

A

mid to late diastole

140
Q

during early diastole

A

the intraventricular pressure drops

141
Q

shortly after ventricular contraction begins and the pressure within the ventricles increases rapidly, closing the AV valves

A

ventricular systole

142
Q

at the end of systole, the ventricules relax, the semilunar valves snap shut preventing backflow and for a moment the ventricles are completely closed

A

early disatole

143
Q

first heart sound;

caused by;

A

lup

closing of AV valves

144
Q

second heart sound;

caused by;

A

dup

semilunar valves close at the end of systole

145
Q

anything that increases the volume or speed of venous return also increases

A

stroke volume and force of contraction

146
Q

plays a major role in increasing the venous return

A

muscular pump

147
Q

the most important external influence on heart rate is the

A

activity of the autonomic nervous system

148
Q

during physical or emotional stress, the nerves of the; more strongly stimulate;

A

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

SA and AV nodes and the cardiac muscle

149
Q

slow and steady the heart, giving it more time to rest during noncrisis time

A

parasympathetic nerves

150
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine on heart rate?

A

It mimics sympathetic nerve stimulation and speeds up the heart rate.

151
Q

resting heart is the fastest in a

A

fetus

152
Q

Congestive heart failure is usually a progressive condition that reflects weakening of the heart by

A

coronary atherosclerosis

153
Q

describe coronary atherosclerosis

A

clogging of the coronary vessels with fatty buildups

154
Q

describe pulmonary edema

A

blood vessels within the lungs become swollen with blood, the pressure with them increases, and fluid leaks from the circulation into the lung tissue causing pulmonary edema

155
Q

most noticable in the distal parts of the body

A

edema

Chapter 10-11 (2 decks)

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