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Chapter 10-11 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Living blood cells

A

formed elements

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2
Q

Living blood cells are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Connective tissues that are absent in blood

A

collagen and elastin

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4
Q

Most of the reddish mass at the bottom of the tube is

A

erythrocytes

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5
Q

Another name for erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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6
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

transport oxygen

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7
Q

What lies between erythrocytes and the plasma?

A

buffy coat

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8
Q

Buffy coat contains what?

A

Contains the remaining formed elements leukocytes

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9
Q

Explain leukocytes

A

the white blood cells that act in various ways to protect the body and platelets, cell fragments that help stop bleeding

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10
Q

Erythrocytes account for about 45% of the total volume of the blood sample, a % known as the

A

hematocrit

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11
Q

What contribute less than 1%

What makes up 55%?

A

blood cells and platelets

plasma

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12
Q

Describe blood

A

sticky, fluid with a metallic taste

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13
Q

scarlet

dull red

A

oxygen rich

oxygen poor

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14
Q

Liquid part of the blood

A

plasma, 90%

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15
Q

most abundant solutes in plasma

A

plasma membranes

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16
Q

most plasma proteins are made by the liver, except for

A

antibodies and protein based hormones

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17
Q

When blood proteins drop to undesirable levels

A

liver is stimulated to make more proteins

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18
Q

When the blood starts to become too acid or too basic

A

both the respiratory system and kidneys are called into action to restore it

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19
Q

Other functions of plasma

A

Distribute body heat, byproduct of cellular metabolism

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20
Q

Body organ that plays the main role in producing plasma proteins

A

Liver

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21
Q

3 main categories of formed elements

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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22
Q

What determines whether blood is bright red or dull red?

A

Color of the blood

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23
Q

Super example of “fit” between cell structure and function

A

Erythrocytes

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24
Q

RBCs differ from other blood cells because

A

they are anucleate

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25
Q

Describe anucleate

A

lack a nucleus

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26
Q

Mature RBCs circulating in the blood are

A

“bags” of hemoglobin molecules

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27
Q

Describe Hemoglobin

A

an iron-bearing protein, transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood

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28
Q

What makes erythrocytes the efficient oxygen transporters?

A

They dont use oxygen they are transporting

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29
Q

Ideally suited for gas exchange

A

Erythrocytes

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30
Q

Major factor contributing to blood viscosity

A

RBC

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31
Q

When the number of RBCs decrease

A

blood thins and flows more rapidly

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32
Q

What determines how well the erythrocytes are performing their role of oxygen transport?

A

Amount of hemoglobin

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33
Q

The more hemoglobin molecules the RBCs contain

A

the more oxygen they can carry

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34
Q

The hemoglobin content is slightly higher in

A

men

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35
Q

Anemia

A

a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood

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36
Q

Anemia is the result of

A
  • a lower than normal number of RBC

- Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs

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37
Q

People with this genetic disorder is seen in emergency rooms

A

sickle cell anemia

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38
Q

Describe sickle cell anemia

A

the abnormal hemoglobin formed becomes spiky and sharp when the RBCs unload oxygen molecules or when the oxygen content of the blood is lower than normal, as during vigorous exercise, anxiety or other stressful situations

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39
Q

sickle cell anemia occurs in

A

black people who live in the malaria belt of Africa

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40
Q

Those carrying just one sicking gene have

A

sickly cell trait

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41
Q

En excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes is

A

polycythemia

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42
Q

polycythemia may result from

A

bone marrow cancer

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43
Q

Response to living in high altitude

A

polycythemia

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44
Q

Major problem that results from excessive numbers of RBCs

A

increase blood viscosity

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45
Q

Body defense against diseases

A

leukocytes

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46
Q

White blood cells are the

A

only complete cells in the body, contains nuclei and organelles

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47
Q

Slip into and out of the blood vessels, a process called

A

diapedesis

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48
Q

Means of transport of diapedesis

A

circulatory system

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49
Q

Describe postive chemotaxis

A

WBCs ability to locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals

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50
Q

Form flowing cytoplasmic extensions

A

amoeboid motion

51
Q

A total WBC count above 11000 cells is reffered to as

A

leukocytosis

52
Q

leukocytosis indicates that

A

a bacterial or viral infection is stewing in the body

53
Q

abnormally low WBC count

A

leukopenia

54
Q

cause of leukopenia

A

drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

55
Q

Normal desirable response to infectious threats in the body

A

Leukocytosis

56
Q

What happens in leukemia

A

bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly

57
Q

newborn WBCs are

A

immature and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions

58
Q

severe anemia and bleeding result because

A

other blood cell lines are crowded out

59
Q

2 groups of WBCs

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

60
Q

granule containing WBCs

A

granulocytes

61
Q

agranulocytes lack

A

visible cytoplasmic granules

62
Q

granulocytes include

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

63
Q

Most numerous of the WBCs

A

Neutrophils

64
Q

blue red nucleus that resembles an old fashioned phone

A

Eosinophils

65
Q

Rarest of the WBCs, have large histomine containing granules that stain dark blue

A

Basophils

66
Q

Histamine

A

inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site

67
Q

Agranulocytes include

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

68
Q

have a large dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume

A

lymphocytes

69
Q

lymphocytes play an important role in

A

inflammatory and immune response

70
Q

second most numerous leukocytes in the blood

A

lymphocytes

71
Q

largest of the WBCs

A

Monocytes

72
Q

When monocytes migrate into tossues they change into

A

macrophages with huge appetites

73
Q

Platelets are fragments of bizarre multi nucleate cells called

A

megakaryocytes

74
Q

another name for blood cell formation

A

hemotopoiesis

75
Q

hemotopoiesis occurs in

A

red bone marrow

76
Q

another name for red bone marrow

A

myeloid tissue

77
Q

all the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called

A

hemocytoblast, which reside in the bone marrow

78
Q

produce all other classes of formed elements

A

myeloid stem cell

79
Q

RBCs cant synthesize proteins or grow because

A

they are anucleate

80
Q

rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called

A

erythropoietin

81
Q

Overabundance of erythrocytes or an excessive amount of oxygen in the blood stream,

A

depresses erythropoietin release and red blood cell production

82
Q

controls RBC production

A

ability to transport enough oxygen to meet the body’s demands

83
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

84
Q

2 major disorders of hemostasis

A

undesirable clot formation and bleeding disorder

85
Q

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called

A

thrombus

86
Q

most common causes of abnormal bleeding are

A

platelet deficiency and deficits in clotting factors

87
Q

results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

88
Q

bleeding disorder that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting

A

hemophilia

89
Q

hemophilia is commonly called

A

bleeder’s disease

90
Q

genetically determined proteins

A

antigens

91
Q

substance that the body recognizes as foreign

A

antigen

92
Q

antigen stimulates

A

the immune system to release antibodies

93
Q

“recognizers”

A

antibodies

94
Q

binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump

A

agglutination

95
Q

agglutination leads to the

A

clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body

96
Q

the most devastating consequence of severe transfusion reactions is that the freed hemoglobin molecules may block the

A

kidney tubules

97
Q

how many common RBC atigens in humans?

A

30

98
Q

ABO blood group is based on

A

which of 2 antigens, type An or B, a person inherits

99
Q

chief site of hematopoiesis in the 7th month of development

A

red marrow

100
Q

can lead to abnormalities in blood cell formation as well as hemoglobin production

A

dietary factors

101
Q

common in women

A

iron deficiency

102
Q

acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation

A

albumin

103
Q

Erythrocytes lack;

make ATP by

A

Mitochondria

Anaerobic mechanisms

104
Q

RBCs outnumber WBCs by

A

1000 to 1

105
Q

nutrient for survival of the parasite

A

potassium

106
Q

RBCs are confined to the

WBCs are able to

A

bloodstream

slip into and out of the blood vessels

107
Q

avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection

A

Neutrophils

108
Q

accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes

A

thrombopoietin

109
Q

blood flows smoothly past the intact

A

lining of blood vessel walls

110
Q

Hemostasis include 3 phases

A

vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation or blood clotting

111
Q

immediate response to blood vessel injury is

A

vasoconstriction

112
Q

vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to go into

A

spasms

113
Q

platelets are repelled by an

A

intact endothelium

114
Q

anchored platelets release chemicals that enhance the

A

vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site

115
Q

as more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called

A

a platelet plug or white thrombus forms

116
Q

blood vessel serving the heart

A

coronary thrombosis

117
Q

if a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becmes an

A

embolum

118
Q

cerebral embolus may cause a

A

stroke

119
Q

when bleeding occurs, hemophiliacs are given a

A

transfusion of fresh plasma or injections of the purified clotting factor they lack

120
Q

does not occur with the first transfusion

A

hemolysis

121
Q

blood groups are classified on the basis of

A

proteins on RBC membranes

122
Q

result in fetal cyanosis

A

incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood

123
Q

reflects immaturity of the infant’s liver

A

physiologic jaundice

Chapter 10-11 (2 decks)

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