Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Living blood cells
A
formed elements
2
Q
Living blood cells are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called
A
Plasma
3
Q
Connective tissues that are absent in blood
A
collagen and elastin
4
Q
Most of the reddish mass at the bottom of the tube is
A
erythrocytes
5
Q
Another name for erythrocytes
A
red blood cells
6
Q
Function of erythrocytes
A
transport oxygen
7
Q
What lies between erythrocytes and the plasma?
A
buffy coat
8
Q
Buffy coat contains what?
A
Contains the remaining formed elements leukocytes
9
Q
Explain leukocytes
A
the white blood cells that act in various ways to protect the body and platelets, cell fragments that help stop bleeding
10
Q
Erythrocytes account for about 45% of the total volume of the blood sample, a % known as the
A
hematocrit
11
Q
What contribute less than 1%
What makes up 55%?
A
blood cells and platelets
plasma
12
Q
Describe blood
A
sticky, fluid with a metallic taste
13
Q
scarlet
dull red
A
oxygen rich
oxygen poor
14
Q
Liquid part of the blood
A
plasma, 90%
15
Q
most abundant solutes in plasma
A
plasma membranes
16
Q
most plasma proteins are made by the liver, except for
A
antibodies and protein based hormones
17
Q
When blood proteins drop to undesirable levels
A
liver is stimulated to make more proteins
18
Q
When the blood starts to become too acid or too basic
A
both the respiratory system and kidneys are called into action to restore it
19
Q
Other functions of plasma
A
Distribute body heat, byproduct of cellular metabolism
20
Q
Body organ that plays the main role in producing plasma proteins
A
Liver
21
Q
3 main categories of formed elements
A
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
22
Q
What determines whether blood is bright red or dull red?
A
Color of the blood
23
Q
Super example of “fit” between cell structure and function
A
Erythrocytes
24
Q
RBCs differ from other blood cells because
A
they are anucleate
25
Describe anucleate
lack a nucleus
26
Mature RBCs circulating in the blood are
"bags" of hemoglobin molecules
27
Describe Hemoglobin
an iron-bearing protein, transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood
28
What makes erythrocytes the efficient oxygen transporters?
They dont use oxygen they are transporting
29
Ideally suited for gas exchange
Erythrocytes
30
Major factor contributing to blood viscosity
RBC
31
When the number of RBCs decrease
blood thins and flows more rapidly
32
What determines how well the erythrocytes are performing their role of oxygen transport?
Amount of hemoglobin
33
The more hemoglobin molecules the RBCs contain
the more oxygen they can carry
34
The hemoglobin content is slightly higher in
men
35
Anemia
a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood
36
Anemia is the result of
- a lower than normal number of RBC
| - Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs
37
People with this genetic disorder is seen in emergency rooms
sickle cell anemia
38
Describe sickle cell anemia
the abnormal hemoglobin formed becomes spiky and sharp when the RBCs unload oxygen molecules or when the oxygen content of the blood is lower than normal, as during vigorous exercise, anxiety or other stressful situations
39
sickle cell anemia occurs in
black people who live in the malaria belt of Africa
40
Those carrying just one sicking gene have
sickly cell trait
41
En excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes is
polycythemia
42
polycythemia may result from
bone marrow cancer
43
Response to living in high altitude
polycythemia
44
Major problem that results from excessive numbers of RBCs
increase blood viscosity
45
Body defense against diseases
leukocytes
46
White blood cells are the
only complete cells in the body, contains nuclei and organelles
47
Slip into and out of the blood vessels, a process called
diapedesis
48
Means of transport of diapedesis
circulatory system
49
Describe postive chemotaxis
WBCs ability to locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals
50
Form flowing cytoplasmic extensions
amoeboid motion
51
A total WBC count above 11000 cells is reffered to as
leukocytosis
52
leukocytosis indicates that
a bacterial or viral infection is stewing in the body
53
abnormally low WBC count
leukopenia
54
cause of leukopenia
drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
55
Normal desirable response to infectious threats in the body
Leukocytosis
56
What happens in leukemia
bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly
57
newborn WBCs are
immature and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions
58
severe anemia and bleeding result because
other blood cell lines are crowded out
59
2 groups of WBCs
granulocytes and agranulocytes
60
granule containing WBCs
granulocytes
61
agranulocytes lack
visible cytoplasmic granules
62
granulocytes include
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
63
Most numerous of the WBCs
Neutrophils
64
blue red nucleus that resembles an old fashioned phone
Eosinophils
65
Rarest of the WBCs, have large histomine containing granules that stain dark blue
Basophils
66
Histamine
inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site
67
Agranulocytes include
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
68
have a large dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume
lymphocytes
69
lymphocytes play an important role in
inflammatory and immune response
70
second most numerous leukocytes in the blood
lymphocytes
71
largest of the WBCs
Monocytes
72
When monocytes migrate into tossues they change into
macrophages with huge appetites
73
Platelets are fragments of bizarre multi nucleate cells called
megakaryocytes
74
another name for blood cell formation
hemotopoiesis
75
hemotopoiesis occurs in
red bone marrow
76
another name for red bone marrow
myeloid tissue
77
all the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called
hemocytoblast, which reside in the bone marrow
78
produce all other classes of formed elements
myeloid stem cell
79
RBCs cant synthesize proteins or grow because
they are anucleate
80
rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
81
Overabundance of erythrocytes or an excessive amount of oxygen in the blood stream,
depresses erythropoietin release and red blood cell production
82
controls RBC production
ability to transport enough oxygen to meet the body's demands
83
stoppage of bleeding
hemostasis
84
2 major disorders of hemostasis
undesirable clot formation and bleeding disorder
85
A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called
thrombus
86
most common causes of abnormal bleeding are
platelet deficiency and deficits in clotting factors
87
results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets
thrombocytopenia
88
bleeding disorder that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting
hemophilia
89
hemophilia is commonly called
bleeder's disease
90
genetically determined proteins
antigens
91
substance that the body recognizes as foreign
antigen
92
antigen stimulates
the immune system to release antibodies
93
"recognizers"
antibodies
94
binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump
agglutination
95
agglutination leads to the
clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body
96
the most devastating consequence of severe transfusion reactions is that the freed hemoglobin molecules may block the
kidney tubules
97
how many common RBC atigens in humans?
30
98
ABO blood group is based on
which of 2 antigens, type An or B, a person inherits
99
chief site of hematopoiesis in the 7th month of development
red marrow
100
can lead to abnormalities in blood cell formation as well as hemoglobin production
dietary factors
101
common in women
iron deficiency
102
acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation
albumin
103
Erythrocytes lack;
| make ATP by
Mitochondria
| Anaerobic mechanisms
104
RBCs outnumber WBCs by
1000 to 1
105
nutrient for survival of the parasite
potassium
106
RBCs are confined to the
| WBCs are able to
bloodstream
| slip into and out of the blood vessels
107
avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection
Neutrophils
108
accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes
thrombopoietin
109
blood flows smoothly past the intact
lining of blood vessel walls
110
Hemostasis include 3 phases
vascular spasms
platelet plug formation
coagulation or blood clotting
111
immediate response to blood vessel injury is
vasoconstriction
112
vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to go into
spasms
113
platelets are repelled by an
intact endothelium
114
anchored platelets release chemicals that enhance the
vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site
115
as more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called
a platelet plug or white thrombus forms
116
blood vessel serving the heart
coronary thrombosis
117
if a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream, it becmes an
embolum
118
cerebral embolus may cause a
stroke
119
when bleeding occurs, hemophiliacs are given a
transfusion of fresh plasma or injections of the purified clotting factor they lack
120
does not occur with the first transfusion
hemolysis
121
blood groups are classified on the basis of
proteins on RBC membranes
122
result in fetal cyanosis
incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood
123
reflects immaturity of the infant's liver
physiologic jaundice
