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ABA Advanced Exam > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What can happen with occlusion of the gas outlet ports on the oxygenator of the CPB machine?

A

air embolism

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2
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

PVR = (PAP - PCWP) x 80

CO

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3
Q

What are the components of afterload?

A

arteriolar tone (measured by SVR)

vasoelastic properties of the aorta

density and viscosity of blood

returning pulse waves

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4
Q

How does pulse pressure (PP) change during positive-pressure ventilation?

A

PP increases in early inspiration

PP decreases in expiration

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5
Q

Why does HR fall with a Valsalva maneuver?

A

increased intrathoracic pressure transiently increases aortic pressure activating baroreceptors in the aortic arch

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6
Q

Which cardiac conditions cause inaccurate measurement of CO by thermodilution?

A

atrial fibrillation (injectate starts in RA)

intra-cardiac shunts

tricuspid regurgitation

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7
Q

What is the most common complication of a brachial artery catheter?

A

median nerve injury

** limb ischemia unlikely **

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8
Q

What is a pH-stat strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass?

A

pH is held static during cooling

*this requires addition of additional CO2 to the blood to maintain PaCO2 as CO2 solubility increases at lower temperature

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9
Q

What is the bisferiens pulse?

A

characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

early peak representing unobstructed flow and subsequent peak caused by dynamic obstruction

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10
Q

What are some reversible causes of a pacemaker failure to capture intra-operatively?

A

hypokalemia

hypocarbia

hypothermia

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11
Q

What happens to venous capacitance when an aortic cross clamp in placed?

A

decreased venous capacitance

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12
Q

What is the typical blood supply to the posterior mitral papillary muscle? The anterior mitral papillary muscle?

A

posterior: PDA
anterior: LCx and LAD

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13
Q

Are neurologic outcomes better with a pH-stat strategy or alpha-stat strategy during CPB?

A

better with alpha-stat

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14
Q

During Doppler evaluation of the mitral valve, in which scenario is the E wave (early diastolic flow) smaller than the A wave (peak atrial flow)?

A

impaired LV relaxation

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15
Q

Which nerves carry afferent the afferent limb of the baroreceptor reflex?

A

CN IX from the carotid sinuses CN X from the aortic arch

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16
Q

What are the cardiovascular complications of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

aortic insufficiency

vasculitis

17
Q

What causes overestimation of CO with thermodilution?

A
  • loss of injectate or incomplete syringe filling
  • clot on the thermistor
  • catheter located too distally
18
Q

Does the right or left vagus nerve primarily supply the SA node? The AV node?

A

SA node: right vagus

AV node: left vagus

19
Q

How do volatile anesthetics depress cardiac contractility?

A

(likely) reduce Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

20
Q

What is the equation for SVR?

A

SVR = (MAP - CVP) x 80

CO

21
Q

How does the CVP tracing change in cardiac tamponade?

A

y-descent is absent (early diastolic filling)

22
Q

Is the SA node affected more by volatile agents or opioids?

A

SA node is depressed more by volatile agents

(junctional rhythms under inhaled anesthesia)

23
Q

Which ion fluxes makes up the cardiac action potential?

A
24
Q

What causes underestimation of CO with thermodilution?

A

measurement of temperature too proximally

25
Q

Where are the most sensitive baroreceptors located?

A

carotid sinuses and aortic arch

26
Q

What are a normal valve area and transvalvular gradient for the mitral valve? In severe mitral stenosis?

A

valve area: 5 cm normal, 1 cm for severe MS

gradient: < 2 mm Hg normal, > 12 mm Hg for severe MS

27
Q

What are the contraindications for IABP?

A

aortic insufficiency

aortic dissection

mobile aortic plaques

28
Q

How does a radial artery BP tracing compare to an aortic BP tracing?

A

radial artery tracing shows:

  • Wider pulse pressure (pressure wave reflection)
    • higher systolic
    • lower diastolic
  • lower mean pressure
29
Q

What kind of receptors mediate the baroreceptor reflex?

A

stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors

30
Q

What is cardiac syndrome X?

A

angina with clean coronaries, possibly due to microvascular disease in the distal coronary system

ABA Advanced Exam (23 decks)

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