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Biom2012 End of Semester Exam Content > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The CVS operates via 2 systems:

A
  1. Systemic
  2. Pulmonary
    *united by heat
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2
Q

There is high pressure within the:

A

Left ventricle
Aorta
Systemic capillaries
Systemic circuit

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3
Q

There is low pressure within the:

A

Systemic capillaries
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary circulation
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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4
Q

Blood pressure is calculated by…

A

Pressure = Force/Area

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5
Q

Flow is calculated by…

A

Flow = (Pressure1 - Pressure2) / Resistance

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6
Q

Primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivery of O2 to tissues and cells
Removal of by-products and CO2
Enables metabolism, growth and repair by delivering necessary components to specific parts of the body

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7
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Interlocking of adjacent cardiomyocytes

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8
Q

Desmosomes:

A

Provide strength and anchor membranes together

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9
Q

Gap Junctions:

A

Allow for signalling with movement of ions between cells

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10
Q

Functional syncytium:

A

A single unit of electrically-coupled cardiomyoctes

*There are no gap junctions between atrial and ventricular cells.

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11
Q

Atrial and ventricular cells are separated by….

A

Non-conductive fibrous tissue that surrounds the AV valves

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12
Q

Purkinje fibres:

A

Modified muscle cells which contract depolarisation more rapidly than muscle cells

Found within ventricular walls and Bundle of Histamine

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13
Q

The AV node generates primary action potentials for heart contractility. T/F

A

False, SA node

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14
Q

The rate of AP production is limited by ____

A

how fast Na+ leaks through HCN c

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15
Q

HCN channels:

A

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channels

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16
Q

The AV node generates…

A

~40-60 AP/min

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17
Q

~40-60 AP/min

A

When conduction to the ventricles causes spontaneously contraction out of sync with the atria.

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18
Q

Ventricular myocytes have no capacity for generating action potentials and their resting membrane potential rests at a stable level until an action potential from arrives from the bundle of His. T/F

A

True

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19
Q

Ventricular myocytes have no capacity for generating action potentials and their resting membrane potential rests at a stable level until an action potential from arrives from the bundle of His.

This initiates the…

A

Ventricular action potential –> increase in Ca2+ entry –> contraction of the myocyte.

  1. Fast Na+channels open, rapidly depolarising the cell.
  2. This opens L-type Ca2+>channels, as in SA node cells. This Ca2+entry initiates contraction.
  3. Voltage-gated K+channels open as the Na+and Ca2+begin to close, causing hyperpolarisation and bringing the membrane potential back to its resting level
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20
Q

The ECG measures…

A

the electrical activity that reaches the skin surface, initiated by a cardiac impulse

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21
Q

Atrial repolarisation is shown on the ECG. T/F

A

False

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22
Q

Contraction:

A

Systole

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23
Q

Relaxation:

A

Diastole

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24
Q

Lead ll describes the positioning of…

A

1 lead on the right arm

1 lead on the left leg

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25
Q

P wave:

A

Atrial depolarisation –> contraction –> systole
- Small wave, because the atria has small muscle mass
Always positive in lead ll during sinus

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26
Q

QRS complex:

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles. –> contraction –> systole
- The electrical wave generated by the left ventricle is larger than the right
A short QRS complex shoes rapid depolarisation of ventricle (desirable)

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27
Q

Isovolumic contraction:

A

Closing of AV valves within a build-up of pressure ((Q)RS complex)

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28
Q

The AV node functions to…

A

Delay impulse speed

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29
Q

At what point in the ECG does arterial pressure increase?

A

R corresponds to innervation of the purkinje fibres.

–> depolarisation of the ventricles, –> contraction and thus increase arterial blood volume/pressure.

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30
Q

At what point in the ECG does arterial pressure increase?

A

T corresponds to repolarisation of the ventricle, –> decrease in arterial blood volume, –> increase in arterial volume.

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31
Q

Describe the movement of the electrical signal from the pacemaker to the purkinje fibres.

A

The electrical wave moves from the SA node to the internodal tracts –> small increase (P) on the ECG.
Arriving at the AV node there is a small delay on the ECG (PR interval).
The wave then travels to the bundle of HIS causing a small decrease on the ECG (Q).

After this the wave travels through the purkinje fibres, –> increase in ECG voltage (R), followed by a decrease as the purkinji fibes depolarise the top of the ventricle (S).

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32
Q

Blood pressure is highest during…

A

Systole

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33
Q

Hypertension is characterized by a bpm of…

A

140/90mmHg

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34
Q

Atherosclerosis:

A

If the blood vessel has a tear, –> WBC will coagulate around the tear; fat, cholesterol, and other substance can attach to the tear and cause a plague that stiffens the arterial wall.

If the tear ruptures, a blood clot can form and block the flow of oxygen –> heart attack or stroke

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35
Q

Angioplasty:

A

Widening of clogged blood vessels

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36
Q

Resistance is dependant on:

A

blood viscosity;
number or erythrocytes,
vessel length
diameter

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36
Q

Poiseulles Law:

A

The flow of Newtonian fluids for no turbulence

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37
Q

Central venous pressure:

A

Difference in arterial pressure and venous pressure

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38
Q

Total peripheral resistance:

A

Resistance across the whole systemic circuit

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39
Q

Cardiac suction occurs when the _____

A

atrial cavity enlarges during ventricular contraction (atrialpressure < 0mmHg)

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40
Q

Altering MAP:

A

Increasing cardiac output –> incr. Volume of blood in aorta

Increasing total peripheral resistance –> vasocontraction

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41
Q

If stroke volume, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate are known, it is possible to determine which of the following?

A
  • Total peripheral resistance
    • Cardiac output
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42
Q

Conducting arteries:

A

Arteries close to the heart; largest diameter

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42
Q

Disturbing arteries:

A

More muscular arteries (less elastin in tunica intima and more smooth muscle inthe tunica media)

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43
Q

Arteries offer low resistance. T/F

A

True, due to the large radii

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44
Q

Arterioles have a larger tunica ___

A

Media

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45
Q

Elastic arteries contain

A

Fibers for elasticity

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46
Q

Intrinsic Control of Vascular Tone:

A

Alters the radii of arterioles within a tissue through chemical or physical influences:

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47
Q

Nitric oxide and histamines initiate:

A

Vasodilation

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48
Q

Endothelin initiates:

A

Vasoconstriction

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49
Q

Myogenic receptors respond to:

A

Stretch

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50
Q

Extrinsic control of vascular tone is via the

A

the endocrine or nervous system

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51
Q

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases noradrenaline which acts on:

A

α-1adrenoreceptors to induce vasoconstriction

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52
Q

The SNS releases adrenaline(from the adrenal medulla) which acts on:

A

β-2adrenoreceptors to induce vasodilation –> heart and skeletal muscle perfusion.

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53
Q

There is no direct parasympathetic nervous system innervation of blood vessels;

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) is released onto the vascular endothelium –> nitric oxide is release–> local vasodilation)

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54
Q

Extrinsic control: Angiotensin & Vasopressin initiate

A

Vasoconstriction

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55
Q

Extrinsic control: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide & Bradykinin initiate

A

Vasodilation

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56
Q

Question: Why doesn’t arterial pressure drop to 0 mmHg in arteries during diastole?

A

It is due to the elastic properties of the arterial walls –> driving force for blood flow during diastole.

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57
Q

The elastic recoil of the vascular wall functions to:

A

maintain the pressure gradient that drives the blood through the arterial system.

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58
Q

What would occur if artery walls were rigid and unable to expand and recoil?

A

Their resistance to blood flow would greatly increase –> blood pressure would rise to even higher levels, –> require the heart to pump harder to increase the volume of blood expelled by each pump (the stroke volume) and maintain adequate pressure and flow.

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59
Q

Why do muscular arteries need to be muscular? What can affect the radii of muscular arteries?

A

To allow for active constriction and relaxation based on the needs of the body.
For example, the autonomic nervous system can release noradrenaline, to induce vasoconstriction. This decreases the radii of muscular arteries, –> during the fight or flight response.

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60
Q

An adult has been diagnosed with endothelial dysfunction.

What are the likely future complications, if the condition is not managed correctly?

A

Endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis. First blood pressure may become more difficult to manage as blood vessels are no longer elastic enough to adapt to increased pressures. Artery wall can thick as the vessel attempts to heal itself, forming plague from blood clots. This could eventually lead to heart attacks and strokes.

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61
Q

Capillaries consist of a…

A

Venous and arterial end

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62
Q

Net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end

A

33mmHg out

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63
Q

Net hydrostatic pressure at the venous end:

A

13mmHg out

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64
Q

Net oncotic pressure at the arterial end:

A

20mmHg in

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65
Q

Net oncotic pressure at the venous end:

A

20mmHg in

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66
Q

Net filtration pressure at arterial end:

A

+13mmHg out

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67
Q

Net filtration pressure at venous end:

A

-7mmHg in

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68
Q

Precapillary spincters:

A

Control blood flow through capillary spincters

Squeeze down to inhibit blood flow –> blood flows through to the thoroughfare channel

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69
Q

There are two opposing important forces driving fluid movement across the endothelial cells:

A

hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

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70
Q

Oncotic pressure:

A

a form of osmotic pressure induced by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma

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71
Q

Met-arteriole:

A

Smooth muscle within the wall

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72
Q

True capillaries extend all throughout the individual cells. T/F

A

True

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73
Q

Which of the following components exerts the highest net hydrostatic pressure to promote movement into the capillaries?

A

Proteins

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74
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in the venous end of capillaries?

A

Carbon dioxide and waste

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75
Q

i) How do nutrients such as oxygen move out of the capillaries into tissue?
ii) How do the arterial and venous sections of the capillaries function in capillary exchange?

A

As blood is pumped into the arteries it exerts a greater force out of the capillaries than force going in (Arterial section).

–> This allows fluid to exit the capillaries through spaces between cells.
Small molecules of nutrients such as oxygen are able to leave the capillary.

During the venous section, the force from being pumped into the capillary has decreased.

Here the concentration proteins i.e. albumin, and low concentration of gasses and small molecules attracts fluid back into the capillary i.e. C02 and waste

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76
Q

Compare and contrast the function of smooth muscle in muscular arteries, and pre-capillary sphincters.

A

Their function is similar. Capillaries do not have smooth muscle covering it (as it needs to be thin for nutrient exchange), it instead has pre-capillary muscular sphincters to regulate amount of blood flow depending on the body’s needs.

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77
Q

Capillary walls are 2 cells thick. T/F

A

False, 1 cell thick

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78
Q

Hormones are circulated via the….

A

Lymphatic system

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79
Q

Lymphatic cells are made of…

A

Endothelium, anchored by collagen filaments

80
Q

The valves open when…

A

When pressure in the interstitial space is greater than within the capillary

81
Q

Trunks of the lymph system:

A
  • Lumbar (2)
  • Broncho-mediastinum (2)
  • Subclavian (2)
  • Jugular (2)
  • Intestinal
82
Q

Thoracic duct includes _____ and drains into the ____

A

All excl. Right side of head and arm

–> left jugular and left subclavian vein

83
Q

Right lymphatic duct includes ____ and drains ____

A

Right side of head and arm

–> jugular & subclavian vein

84
Q

Lymphoid organs diffuse lymph tissue, within the GI, respiratory patch, and intestinal wall via the _____

A

Peyers patches

85
Q

When an infection gets in a tissue:

A
  1. lymphatic capillary
  2. lymph node
  3. Detected by a dendritic cell
  4. Sample lymph and present antigens to B-cell to make anti-bodies
  5. plasma cell
  6. exit lymph node
86
Q

Antibodies are generated in the…

A

White pulp of the spleen

87
Q

The red pulp is responsible for…

A

Recycling old RBCs

88
Q

Lymph ducts terminate in small, blind-ended capillaries. T/F

A

True

89
Q

Reduced plasma proteins reduces…

A

Oncotic pressure in plasma

i.e. renal disease or cirrohis

90
Q

Increased venous pressure initiates…

A

Greater hydrostatic pressure in plasma

i.e. heart failure

91
Q

Increased permeability of capillary walls causes:

A

plasma proteinsto move into interstitial fluid
–> increasingoncotic pressure in interstitial space
–>fluid retention

i.e. local inflammation

92
Q

Increased blood in veins causes a(n)

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in plasma

–> filtration

93
Q

Blockage of lymph vessels causes

A

A reduction in lymphatic drainage –> accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissues

i.e. surgical removal of lymph nodes in cancer

94
Q

Pleural effusion:

A

Oedema accumulation in the lungs

95
Q

Pericardial effusion:

A

Oedema accumulation in the heart

96
Q

Peritoneum effusion/Ascites:

A

Oedema accumulation in the abdomen

97
Q

Peripheral oedema:

A

Oedema accumulation in the lower-limb

98
Q

Transudate:

A

Low in protein and cellular content

  • Incr. Hydrostatic pressure
  • Decr. Osmotic pressure
99
Q

Excaudate:

A

High in protein and cellular content

  • Inflammatory response
  • Lymphatic obstruction
100
Q

SPECgrav:

A

measuring of density of fluid; transudate or exudate?

101
Q

An excess of instititual fluid causes….

A
  1. Incr. distance between blood and cells
  2. Decr. rate of diffusion
  3. Inadequate nutrient supply
102
Q

Direct contributors to movement of fluid through the lymphatic system

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Arterial pulse
103
Q

Veins have low resistance to blood flow, however they are more compliment than arteries. T/F

A

True

104
Q

The venous system is a reservoir for blood. T/F

A

True

105
Q

Venous return:

A

The volume of blood entering the atrium each minute; stabilised and regulated by veins.

106
Q

End diastolic volume:

A

Amount of blood in ventricles prior to contaction

107
Q

End diastolic volume
Stroke volume
Cardiac output
are all dependant on…

A

Venous return

108
Q

Venous pressure is highest in ___
and lowest in ___

A

Venules
Vena-cava and right ventricle

109
Q

Venous return is affected by:

A

Skeletal muscles
Sympathetic nerve activity
Respiratory activity

110
Q

Inspiration initiates…

A
  1. Pulls diaphragm down
  2. Decr. intrapleural pressure
  3. Lungs expand
  4. Incr. systemic venous return
111
Q

Inspiration decreases ___
and increases ___

A

Decr. BP
Incr. HR

112
Q

The paradoxical fall in pressure is explained by…

A

When the vagual tone is reduced, the HR increases

113
Q

Expiration initiates…

A
  1. Relaxation of diaphragm
  2. Incr. in intrapeural pressure
  3. Deflating of lungs
  4. Decr. in venous return
  5. Compression of pulmonary vessels
114
Q

Expiration decreases ___ and increases ___

A

Increases BP, decreases HR

115
Q

Exhalation ___ venous return

A

Decreases

116
Q

Which is one explanation for an increase in heart rate, when moving from a lying to a standing position?

A

Venous return

117
Q

How does inhaling increase venous return?

A

During inhalation, the diaphragm moves down, –> decreasing thoracic pressure.
–> decreased right atrial pressure, facilitating venous return.

The downwards movement of the diaphragm also increases pressure on the abdomen, squeezes blood up towards the heart.

118
Q

How does exhaling decrease venous return?

A

During exhalation, the diaphragm moves up,

-> increasing thoracic pressure.
-> This in turn results in increased right atrial pressure, decreasing venous return.

119
Q

The heart rate depends primarily on the balance between sympathetic and parasympatheric nerve impulses. T/F

A

True

120
Q

The vagal tone has a dominant effect at rest:

A

The SA node exhibits spontaneous pacemaker activity with an intrinsic rhythm of about 100-110 bpm. But normal HR is only about 60-70 bpm, which indicates that vagal (parasympathetic) tone has a dominant influence at rest.

121
Q

To achieve a high HR, vagal tone must be

A

decreased

122
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres originate from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and synapse on…

A

parasympathetic ganglia within the heart –> release acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors on the SA Node, atrial muscle and AV node.

123
Q

It has been found that a natural compound decreases heart rate when inhaled.
Which of the following may be potential reasons why the natural compound decreases the heart rate?

A

Decr. Sympathetic output
Incr. Parasympathetic output

124
Q

A patient undergoing septic shock, characterised by severe vasodilation, and subsequent inability for nutrients such as oxygen to reach areas of the body where it is needed.
Which hormones should be administered to help the patient?

A

Noradrenaline should be used to increase vasoconstriction and increase heart rate to help compensate for the vasodilation.

125
Q

A patient with a blockage in the pulmonary artery, due to complications regarding deep vein thrombosis, exhibits symptoms of tachycardia and hyperventilation.
Explain why the patient is suffering these symptoms.

A

Blockage of the pulmonary artery causes the inability for oxygen to be taken from the lungs and distributed to the organs. This hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood) is one reason heart rate is increased.

126
Q

Stroke volume is calculated by:

A

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

127
Q

Pre-load:

A
  • Myocardial sarcomere length prior to contraction
  • Ventricular filling
  • Ventricular and pericardial compliance
  • Wall thickness;
    *Hypertrophy decreases pre-load
128
Q

After-load

A
  • Force that ventricles must contract to eject blood.
  • Sum of all elastic and kinetic forces
  • Resistance or impendence
129
Q

Contractility is inhibited by:

A

Ca2+ and beta-blockers, high concentrations of K+ and Na+

129
Q

Contractility (inotropy)

A

All other factors that are responsible for changes in myocardial performance

130
Q

Positive chronotrophic agents:

A

Incr. production of sympathetic neurotransmitters

Noradrenaline
Adrenaline

131
Q

Noradrenaline and adrenaline synapse on

A

β1 anderoceptors, incr. HR

132
Q

An increase of Ca2+ will likely…

A

Increase heart contractility

133
Q

Negitive chronotrophic agents:

A

Increase production of parasympathetic neurotransmitters

Decr. HR

134
Q

PSNS incr. production of acetylcholine, to act on muscurinic2 receptors, to…

A

Decr. HR

135
Q

A lack of Ca2+ and K+ will ____ heart contractility

A

Decrease

136
Q

Bradycardia is characterized by a HR of:

A

<60bpm

137
Q

Tachycardia is characterized by a HR of

A

> 100bpm

138
Q

Frank Starling law:

A

The strength of cardiac contraction is dependant on initial fibre length

139
Q

Frank Starling dictates that,

A

↑ tension is a result of ↑ length
and;
↑ contractilityis proportional to ↑ end-diastolic volume (EDV).

140
Q

↑ tension is a result of ↑ length
and;
↑ contractilityis proportional to ↑ end-diastolic volume (EDV).

A
  • An increase in venous return increases stroke volume and cardiac output
  • The length tension relationship of muscle fibres and contractility
141
Q

i) The longer the sarcomere the greater the contraction, why is this?
ii) It is possible for sarcomeres to be too long, resulting in decreased contraction, why is this?

A

The rationale for long sarcomeres and increased contractility is due to increased surface area –> greater calcium sensitivity.

However, sarcomeres that are too long there is less overlap of the thin and thick filaments.

142
Q

Short term Mean Arterial Pressure is determined by

A

Cardiac Output

143
Q

Long term Mean Arterial Pressure is determined by:

A

Arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

144
Q

Low blood flow –>

A

organ failure, shock and death

145
Q

High blood flow –>

A

extra load causes tissue damage –> cardiac, vascular and renal failure –> shock and death

146
Q

The cardiovascular control center is located within the:

A

Medulla oblongata

147
Q

The cardiovascular control center receives…

A

afferent impulses from baroreceptors; and efferent outputs via the ANS

148
Q

Cardioaccelerator centres:

A
  • Stimulate cardiac cells by regulating heart rate and stoke volume.
  • SNS activation
149
Q

Cardioinhibitory centres

A
  • Decreases cardiac output and HR
    - PNS; vagus nerve
150
Q

Vasomotor centres

A
  • Control vascular tone of smooth muscles within tunica media (arteries, arterioles, veins)
  • SNS; noradrenaline –> vasoconstriction
151
Q

Afferent Input is via the:

A

Cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and sensory receptors; baroreceptor, chemoreception, and proprioception

152
Q

Blood pressure is monitored by:

A

High pressure baroreceptors

153
Q

Baroreceptors regulate short-term control of blood pressure via;

A

High pressure arterial baroreceptors
and;
Low pressure volume receptors

154
Q

High pressure arterial baroreceptors are located within the

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

155
Q

Low pressure volume receptors are located within the…

A

Atria
ventricles
pulmonary vasculature

156
Q

Distension depends on…

A

Venous return

157
Q

The afferent neural pathway from stretch receptors are via the ____ nerve –> Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS)

A

Vagus

158
Q

MAP is controlled via a

A

Negitive feedback loop

159
Q

Primary function of the baroreceptor reflex is to:

A

Minimize variations in systemic arterial blood pressure;
whether these variations are caused by postural changes of the animal, excitement, diurnal rhythm, or even spontaneous fluctuations of unknown origin.

160
Q

Arterial baroreceptor afferents innervate:

A

carotid sinuses, aortic arch and the right carotid artery

-right subclavian artery juncture.

161
Q

Cardiopulmonary baroreceptors innervate

A

Veno-atrial juncture, Atria,

Ventricles and Pulmonary vasculature.

162
Q

The baroreflexes modulate:

A

paraSNA and SNA to numerous organ systems and vasopressin (AVP) release.

163
Q

The primary function of the baroreceptor reflex is control of short term, minimisation of blood pressure changes. T/F

A

True

164
Q

Baroreceptor reflex dysfunction or failure is a rare disorder.
What would be some of the symptoms/consequences of baroreceptor reflex dysfunction disorder?

A
  • Increases blood pressure variability both in the short term, as well as chronically.
  • Innocuous changes such as excitement, diurnal rhythm and postural changes can induce large fluctuations in blood pressure.
    Chronically it can also increase incidence of hypertension.
165
Q

Bainbridge Reflex:

A

Ensures cardiac output is proportional to effective circulating volume.

–> It is a counter-balance reflex to the baroreceptor reflex in the control of heart rate.

166
Q

Low pressure baroreceptors trigger tachycardia…

A

Located within the atria and pulmonary artery
- Distension depends on venous return
- Renin-Angiotensin System
Regulate cardiac output

167
Q

Chemoreceptor Reflex:

A

Regulate ventilation and cardiac output

Located in the medulla oblongata and, sense low brain pH, which –> high arterial carbon dioxide pressure.

168
Q

CNS: Ischaemic Response

A
  • When blood-flow to the brain is compromised; emergency pressure control –> preserves blood-flow to the brain
  • Does not become active until systolic blood pressure < 60 mmHg and is
  • Most effective around a systolic pressure of 15 to 20 mmHg.
169
Q

An increase of HR may be due to:

A
  • Activation of the Bainbridge reflex
  • Stimulation of atrial baroreceptors
  • Stretching of atrium
170
Q

A patient arrives at the emergency after a car crash, where he received a serious blow to the head.
What are the three symptoms to watch for in the patient, and how are the symptoms related to one another?

A

After a head injury it is possible the brain will swell up
–> increases inter-cranial pressure and triggers the Cushing reflex.
If this increases above that of mean arterial blood pressure, then this could lead to a lack of blood flow to the brain as blood vessels in the brain become compressed by the pressure.

To compensate for this the body increases sympathetic activity in order to increase arterial pressure, resulting in the first symptom- hypertension. However, this hypertension (high blood pressure) triggers baroreceptors which up-regulate the parasympathetic nervous system, –> decreasing heart rate (bradycardia). This hypertension along with inter-cranial pressure presses on the respiratory centre in the cerebellum, causing irregular breathing.

171
Q

Blood pressure =

A

(Stroke Volume * Heart Rate) * Peripheral Resistance

172
Q

There is no known cause of Primary Hypertension. T/F

A

True

173
Q

Primary hypertension is characterized by:

A

High blood volume,
high resistance
incr. In pressure

174
Q

Explain the physiology of hypertension

A

When a person has hypertension their baroreceptors begin to maintain the blood pressure at a higher range. This is caused to the baroreceptors being reset to maintain this higher range.
- Acute resetting of baroreceptor pressure-activity relationship to higher mean pressures in hypertension

175
Q

A man dies from a stroke. During autopsy it was found that the walls of his left ventricle has enlarged and thickened.

i) How could hypertension have contributed to the enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle?
ii) How could hypertension have contributed to the patient’s stroke?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy can occur due to chronic hypertension, as the body attempts to increase the strength of the heart to provide organs with nutrients.

If this man had chronic hypertension, then it is possible that this could also be the cause of the stroke. With increased blood pressure, shear stress increases and can cause damage to blood vessels. This damage, over time could form plaques, and restrict bloodflow. A plaque could have developed in the man’s brain, causing stroke.

176
Q

The best place to measure venous return is at the:

A

Right atrium

177
Q

Venous return fluctuates with…

A

Respiration

178
Q

Cardiac output is not influenced by reflexes. T/F

A

False. Reflexes alter CO

179
Q

There is less resistance and pressure within the

A

Pulmonary circuit, because its shorter

180
Q

Vasoconstriction enhances

A

Vasoconstriction

181
Q

Factors affecting venous return:

A
  1. Valves
  2. Contraction of skeletal muscle
  3. Respiration
  4. Post-ganglionic noradrenaline
  5. Cardiac suction
182
Q

Frank starling refers to the

A

Intrinsic input-output mechanism

183
Q

The ischemic response:

A

Maintains blood flow to the brain and heart ONLY

Incr. in HR
Decr. in BP

  1. Vasodilation of arteries
  2. Decr. in MAP
  3. Hypoxia to CVS
  4. Big sympathetic release
  5. Last ditch effort to stay alive
184
Q

An excess in fluids will cause an _____

A

Incr. in BP

185
Q

An increased Total Peripheral Resistance will lead to…

A

An increase in MAP

186
Q

The bainbridge reflex prevents…

A

Damming of blood in veins, atria, and pulmonary circuit

187
Q

decreased sympathetic activity gives an increase in MAP. T/F

A

False

188
Q

Positive chronotrophic agents:

A
  • Increased temperature at SA node
  • Sympathetic nervous system input to SA node
  • Increased plasma Ca2+
  • Adrenaline
189
Q

Increased plasma K+ is a positive chronotrophic agent. T/F

A

False

190
Q

___ inhibits venous return

A

Gravity

191
Q

inspiration inhibits venous return. T/F

A

False

192
Q

Vasoconstriction inhibits venous return. T/F

A

False

193
Q

enlargement of the right atrium during contraction of the right ventricle inhibits venous return. T/F

A

False

194
Q

The cerebral reflex involves…

A

Low blood perfusion of cardiovascular centre

195
Q

Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus are…

A

At an appropriate position to protect the brain from changes in pressure

196
Q

Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus monitor the volume of blood in the carotid arteries. T/F

A

False

197
Q

Collectivly,
Increased venous pressure
Local inflammation resulting in ancreased capillary permeability
Surgical removal of lymph nodes and;
Reduced plasma protein concentrations can cause…

A

Oedema

Biom2012 End of Semester Exam Content (8 decks)

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