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Biom2012 End of Semester Exam Content > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is comprised of:

A

pre-ganglionic ganglia

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2
Q

The PNS is responsible for:

A

Synapse of post ganglionic cells

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3
Q

The ANS functions without:

A

Conscious effort

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4
Q

During SNS activation, the adrenal medulla promotes secretion of:

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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5
Q

During PSNS activation, the endocrine pancreas secretes:

A

Insulin and glucagon

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6
Q

During SNS activation, the endocrine pancreas promotes secretion of:

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Afferent neurons…

A

Are sensory, travel to the ventral horn

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8
Q

Efferent neurons…

A

Are motor, travel down to the dorsal horn

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9
Q

Define ganglia:

A

A bundle of nerves that sit within the ganglia and give-off post-ganglionic axons

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10
Q

The SNS has its motor neurons within the:

A

Thoracic and Lumbar regions

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11
Q

Within the SNS, ganglia are ____ to the spinal cord

A

Proximal

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12
Q

Within the SNS, pre-ganglionic axons are shorter than post-ganglionic axons. T/F

A

True

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13
Q

GI tract, urinary bladder and genitals activity decrease upon activation of the…

A

SNS

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14
Q

The PSNS has its motor neurons within the ____

A

Brain stem and sacrum

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15
Q

Within the PSNS, the ganglia are proximal to…

A

The organ innervated

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16
Q

Autonomic Ganglia:

A

Bridges the central motor neurons to effector organs

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17
Q

Post-ganglionic axons terminate at…

A

Varicosities embedded within smooth muscle

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18
Q

Single-unit smooth muscle cells are innervated by ___

A

Gap junctions

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19
Q

For contraction of multi-unit smooth muscle cells ____

A

Each cell must be individually innervated

i.e. within the eye

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20
Q

Autoinhibition:

A

Neurotransmitters act back on presynaptic membrane to inhibit further release

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21
Q

Activation of post-Synaptic adrenergic receptors (α1) by sympathetic nerve varicosities results in _____

A

Increased vasoconstriction.

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22
Q

What is the minimum number of neurons that neural signals must propagate through from a visceral sensory receptor to a visceral effector organ?

A

3
From a visceral sensory receptor, neural signals will travel through a sensory neuron (1) to a pre-ganglionic neuron (2) in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. This pre-ganglionic neuron will then synapse with a post-ganglionic neuron (3) in an autonomic ganglion. Finally, the post-ganglionic neuron will innervate a visceral effector organ.

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23
Q

Single-unit smooth muscle cells are able to contract simultaneously in a coordinated manner. Aside from the digestive system, where else in the body would single-unit smooth muscle cells exist?

A

Uterus and Bladder

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24
Q

Direct acting cholinergic agonists bind to ____

A

Muscarinic or nicotinic receptors –> release acetylcholine

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25
Q

Indirect acting reversible cholinergic agonists bind to ____

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

Which neurotransmitters is responsible for the activation of sweat glands under sympathetic activation?

A

Acetylcholine

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27
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons release ____ to act on ____

A

Acetylcholine to act on nicotinic receptors

28
Q

PSNS post-ganglionic fibers release ___ to act on ___

A

Release ACh onto muscarinic receptors on the postsynaptic target organs

29
Q

SNS post-ganglionic fibres release ____ to act on ____

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline to act on adrenergic receptors

30
Q

ATP also releases Na+ and acts faster in inducing contractions of the smooth muscle –> activating post-synaptic voltage-gatedCa2+ channels. T/F

A

True

31
Q

Within the neuroendocrine compartment, SNS pre-ganglionic fibres innervate _____

A

Chromaffin cells within adrenal medulla

32
Q

Chromaffin cells promote secretion of:

A

Na+ and anions

33
Q

Global broadcasting of the sympathetic nervous system activation is achieved by:

A

Chromaffin cells, as they reside near blood vessels –> where hormones are released for systemic circulation;

34
Q

Muscurinic receptors are agonized by:

A

Acetylcholine

35
Q

Nicotinic receptors are agonized by ____

A

Acetylcholine or nicotine

36
Q

Muscrurinic Receptor1: Located in gastric glands, _____

A

Gq coupled –> incr. Intracellular calcium –> incr. contraction, secretion, neurotransmission

37
Q

Muscrurinic Receptor2: Located on cardiac cells, ____

A

Gi coupled –> opening of K+ channels, hyperpolarisation and decr. HR

38
Q

Muscrurinic Receptor3: Located in smooth muscle i.e. Lungs, eyes, endocrine glands and the GI tract

A

Gq coupled –> incr. Intracellular calcium –> contraction, secretion, neurotransmission

39
Q

Muscrurinic Receptor 4, Muscrurinic Receptor 5: Not yet distinguished, however, are within the…

A

PSNS

40
Q

When nicotinic receptors are activated, they…

A

are permeable to Na+ and K+; rapid depolarization of the cell

41
Q

Nicotinic receptor1 are located at the….

A

Neuro-muscular junction

42
Q

Nicotinic receptor2 are located at the…

A

Post-ganglion neuron

43
Q

Adrenergic receptors are GPCRs and are agonized by…

A

Na+ and A-

44
Q

Which receptors are found in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

45
Q

The Enteric NS is dependant on the…

A

CNS

46
Q

The myenteric plexus is located within the:

A

Muscularis externa

47
Q

The myenteric plexus controls ____ and consists of _______

A

Digestive tract motility

Ascending neuronal network &
Descending neuronal network

48
Q

The submucosal plexus is found within the:

A

Mucosa and submucosa

49
Q

The sub-mucosal plexus controls the:

A

Secretion, absorption, and local muscle movements

50
Q

For peristalsis –> bolus of food is travelling from Oral to Aboral

A

The stretching of intestinal wall stimulates neurons within the myenteric plexus. Simultaneously, the chemicals within the food stimulate sensory neurons within the submucosal plexus.

Both sensory neurons branch into the ascending and descending networks.
Ascending neuronal network release excitatory neurotransmitters (ACh acetylcholine and SP substrate P) to the circular muscle behind the bolus; causes contraction of circular muscle

Descending neuronal network release inhibitory neurotransmitters (NO nitric oxide, VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide and ATP adenosine triphosphate) to longitudinal muscle to cause relaxation.

51
Q

Ascending neuronal network within the myenteric plexus release….

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

52
Q

Descending neuronal network within the myenteric plexus release….

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters Nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and ATP

53
Q

Gastric Mixing:

A

Physical and chemical breakdown

54
Q

Segmentation:

A

Contractions move food in both directions

55
Q

Peristalsis:

A

One-way motion towards the anus

56
Q

Migrating Motor Complex:

A

Electrochemical activity within GI smooth muscle between meals

57
Q

From the CNS, the vagus innervation initiates the Pre-ganglionic PSNS fibers to…

A
  1. Pre-synaptic synapse at ganglia
  2. Release acetylcholine
  3. Post-ganglionic fiber carries ACh from nicotinic receptor to muscarinic receptor
  4. Released onto heart and vessels
58
Q

The Post-sympathetic adrenergic fibers initiate:

A
  1. Pre-synaptic fibers synapse at the ganglia
  2. Release ACh
  3. Post-ganglionic fiber carries ACh from nicotinic receptor
  4. Release norepinepherine onto α- adrenoceptor and β-andrenoceptors to the heart and vessels
59
Q

The Post-sympathetic dopaminergic fibres initiate:

A
  1. Pre-synaptic fibres synapse at the ganglia
  2. Release ACh
  3. Post-ganglionic fiber carries ACh from nicotinic receptor
  4. Post-sympathetic dopaminergic fibers release dopamine onto dopaminergic receptor
    at renal vessels
60
Q

The adrenal fibres initiate:

A
  1. Pre-synaptic fibres synapse at adrenal ganglia
  2. Release ACh to nicotinic receptor
  3. Epinephrine an norepinepherine act on the α-adrenoceptor and the β-adrenoceptor at the heart and vessels
61
Q

Activation of post-synaptic adrenergic receptors (alpha 1 receptors) by sympathetic nerve variscoties results in…

A

Increased vasoconstricion

62
Q

The enteric system is:

A
  • Part of the autonomic NS
  • Involved in the coordination of peristalsis
  • Composed of neurons in the muscle and submucosa of the guy
  • ACh is a key neurotransmitter
63
Q

The enteric system is influenced by the SNS or PSNS. T/F

A

True

64
Q

Voluntary defecation is due to…

A
  • Stimulation of stretch receptors in the rectum
  • PSNS stimulation of smooth muscle at internal anal spincter
  • Voluntary stimulation of external spincter via motor neurons
  • An increase in abdominal pressure
65
Q

Within the SNS reganglionic neurons may have their cell bodies in spinal cord segments S2 through S4. T/F

A

False

66
Q

Within the SNS, ganglia are located relatively close to the central nervous system. T/F

A

True

Biom2012 End of Semester Exam Content (8 decks)

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