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PE > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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2
Q

What is maximal exercise

A

physical activity performed at the highest intensity level an individual can achieve. it pushes the body to its limit.

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3
Q

What is sub-maximal exercise?

A

physical activity performed at an intensity level just below the maximum capacity of an individual. it does not push the body to its limit.

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4
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the CV system?

A

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

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5
Q

What is the function of the CV system

A

To deliver oxygen and nutrients and excrete waste products from all the cells of the body- as well as regulating body temperature.

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6
Q

Is the CV system a double or single pump system

A

Double pump system

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary circuit do

A

carries deoxygenated blood back to the lungs and oxygen rich blood back to the heart

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8
Q

what does the systemic circuit do

A

carries oxygen rich blood to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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9
Q

What is the heart known as?
(automatically pumps)

A

myogenic

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10
Q

4 stages of conduction system

A

SA node-AV node- bundle of His- purkinje fibres

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11
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

This is the hearts natural pacemaker which sends a signal that tells the heart to beat, this signal starts in the upper right of the heart(right atrium)

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12
Q

what does the AV node do?

A

after the signal from the SA node causes the atria to contract the AV node delays it in order for them to fully empty into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.

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13
Q

what does the bundle of His do?

A

electrical signal travels from AV node to bundle of His which splits into 2 branches, one for each ventricle

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14
Q

what do purkinje fibres do?

A

the fibres spread across the 2 ventricles causing them to contract and pump blood

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15
Q

what does the conduction system do?

A

ensures that the heart beats in the right rhythm and pumps blood efficiently.

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16
Q

heart rate definition

A

the number of times at which the heart beats per minute (BPM)

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17
Q

stroke volume definition

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.

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18
Q

cardiac outut definition

A

the volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per minute.
HR x SV = Q

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19
Q

what is stroke volume determined by?

A

venous return

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20
Q

what is venous return?

A

the amount of blood returned to the heart via the veins.

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21
Q

what is frank starlings law?

A

higher venous return-higher elasticity of cardiac fibres-greater cardiac fibre stretch- greater contraction- greater SV

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22
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms concerning venous return

A

Pocket valves
skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Smooth muscle pump
Gravity

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23
Q

How do pocket valves increase venous return

A

one way valves prevent backflow of blood in veins and allow one direction of blood flow to the heart.

24
Q

how do skeletal muscle pumps increase venous return

A

veins situated in between skeletal muscles squeeze blood back to the heart when they contract and relax.

25
Q

how do respiratory pumps increase venous return

A

muscles contract and relax during the inspiration and expiration process- pressure changes occur in the thoratic and abdominal cavities- the pressure changes compress nearby blood vessels and assist blood flow to the heart

26
Q

how do smooth muscles increase venous return

A

layer of smooth muscle helps squeeze blood back towards the heart via vasodilation and vasoconstriction

27
Q

how does gravity effect venous return

A

blood from the upper body is aided in its return by gravity.

28
Q

what is anticipatory rise

A

Before exercise when you know youre about to do it your heart rate increases due to hormonal action of adrenaline which stimulates the SA node to make the heart beat stronger and faster

29
Q

Why does SV start to decrease/ level out after 60 percent intensity

A

as HR increases there is a shorter diastolic phase so there is less time to fill blood. so the amount of blood pumped out decreases.

30
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

The flow of blood through the heart (diastolic phase and systolic phase)

31
Q

Where is the ccc found?

A

Medulla oblongata this is part of the ANS(autonomic nervous system)

32
Q

What are the 2 sub divisions of ANS

A

SNS and PNS

33
Q

Which system slows heart rate

A

PNS

34
Q

Which system increases heart rate?

A

SNS

35
Q

What are the 2 nerves that increase and decrease heart rate?

A

Vagus nerve(decreases)
Accelerator nerve(increases)

36
Q

What are the 3 control mechanisms of heart rate

A

Neural
Hormonal
Intrinsic

37
Q

What are the 3 receptors in the neural control

A

Baroreceptors
Proprioceptors
Chemoreceptors

38
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

Chemical changes such as an increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2(hypoxia)

39
Q

Which receptors detect a change in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

40
Q

Which receptors detect a change in muscle length and tension

A

Muscle length(muscle spindall)
Muscle tension(Golgi tendon organs)

41
Q

What hormone is secreted to increase heart rate

A

Adrenaline

42
Q

What hormone is secreted to decrease heart rate

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

What is the diastole phase?

A

Relaxation phase

44
Q

Which phase is the contraction phase of the heart?

A

Systole phase

45
Q

Outline 3 mechanisms that assist venous return during exercise.

A

Pocket valves-prevent blackflow and ensure one directional bloodlfow.
skeletal muscle pump- skeletal muscles contract and relax which helps squeeze blood back towards the heart.
respiratory muscle pump- pressure changes in thoracic cavity and the veins in the abdomen are squeezed assisting blood flow back to the heart.
Smooth muscle- contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of veins help to push blood through towards the heart.
Gravity- blood from upper body assisted to heart by gravity.

46
Q

what are the 5 blood vessels

A

Artery
arteriole
capillary
venule
vein

47
Q

what is vascular shunt

A

The redistribution of blood

48
Q

vascular shunt mechanism

A

during rest, most of the blood flow goes to the organs like brain and liver to carry out normal bodily functions(80%). during exercise 80% of the blood will be redistributed to the working muscles to meet the demand for oxygen and the non essential organs will get 20% of the blood. The actions of vasodilation/constriction and actions of pre capillary sphincters will direct blood to where it is needed and restrict where it is not needed.

49
Q

What is vasodilation

A

where smooth muscle relaxes to make the inside of the arteriole wider.

50
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

where smooth muscle contracts to make the inside of arterioles narrower

51
Q

what are pre capillary sphincters

A

rings of muscle at the junction between the arterioles and capillaries. they can effectively open or close the capillaries leading to the muscles/organs

52
Q

what does the redistribution of blood important for?

A

it increases the supply of oxygen to the working muscles.
removes waste products such as CO2 and lactic acid.
ensure blood gets to the skin in exercise to regulate body temperature and get rid of head through radiation and evaporation and sweating.
direct more blood to the heart since its a muscle which requires more oxygen.

53
Q

what is the vasomotor control centre

A

its the control centre that controls the redistribution of blood flow

54
Q

what are the control mechanisms of redistribution of blood

A

chemoreceptor detect chemical change in blood.
baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure.
these receptors sent this information to the VCC in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
arterioles have a middle layer of muscle which is connected to the VCC which becomes stimulated via the sympathetic nerve.
increased SNS activation causes vasoconstriction towards the NEO(non essential organs) which increases blood flow to working muscles and causes vasodilation in the arterioles towards the working muscles. precapillary sphincters close towards inactive tissues and open towards active tissues.

55
Q
A

PE (3 decks)

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