Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones
to and from cells

Question 2

Orientation of the heart. (Apex & Base)

Answer 2

-Apex (pointed region) is directed toward left hip and
rests on the diaphragm
– Base (area where great blood vessels emerge) points
toward right shoulder

Question 3

Coverings of the heart

Answer 3

Double walled sac:
- Parietal pericardium
- Visceral pericardium

Question 4

What are the 3 walls of the heart?

Answer 4

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 5

What separates the two atria longitudinally?

Answer 5

Interatrial Septum.

Question 6

What separates the two ventricles longitudinally?

Answer 6

Interventricular septum.

Question 7

What is the heart’s double pump?

Answer 7

– Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
– Left side works as the systemic circuit pump

Question 8

What do the heart valves prevent?

Answer 8

Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent
backflow

Question 9

Where are the semilunar valves located?

Answer 9

Between ventricle and artery

Question 10

When are AV valves open and closed?

Answer 10

– Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively
fills the chambers
– Closed during ventricular contraction

Question 11

When are semilunar valves open and closed?

Answer 11

– Closed during heart relaxation
– Open during ventricular contraction

Question 12

What is the function of cardiac veins?

Answer 12

Drain the myocardium of blood

Question 13

Function of the coronary sinus.

Answer 13

Receive blood from cardiac veins

Question 14

What two systems regulate heart activity?

Answer 14

1. Autonomic nervous system
2. Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

Question 15

What starts each heartbeat?

Answer 15

The sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 16

What is Tachycardia?

Answer 16

Rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

Question 17

What is Bradycardia?

Answer 17

Slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute

Question 18

What is the average HR?

Answer 18

About 75 beats per mn

Question 19

What are the 5 events of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 19

1. Atrial diastole
2. Atrial systole
3. Isovolumetric contraction
4. Ventricular systole
5. Isovolumetric Relaxation

Question 20

What do we use to measure heart function?

Answer 20

Electrocardiogram ECG=EKG

Question 21

What is Cardiac output?

Answer 21

Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in 1 minute. SV x HR= CO

Question 22

What is stroke volume?

Answer 22

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction.

Question 23

What carries blood away from the heart?

Answer 23

Arteries and arterioles

Question 24

Vessels that return blood toward the heart?

Answer 24

Venules and veins

Question 24

What are the three layers in blood vessels?

Answer 24

1. Tunica Intima 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica Externa

Question 24

What is the equation for blood pressure?

Answer 24

BP= CO x PR (Peripheral resistance)

Question 25

How do kidneys effect blood pressure?

Answer 25

▪ Kidneys regulate blood pressure by altering blood volume ▪ If blood pressure is too high, the kidneys release water in the urine ▪ If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor ▪ Angiotensin II stimulates release of aldosterone, which enhances sodium (and water) reabsorption by kidneys

Question 25

How does temperature effect blood pressure?

Answer 25

- Heat has a vasodilating effect - Cold has a vasoconstricting effect

Question 26

What is hypotension?

Answer 26

low blood pressure

Question 27

What is Hypertension?

Answer 27

High blood pressure