Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microanatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood vessels

A
  • transport blood throughout body & return lymph to blood
  • transport nutrients & O2
  • transport waste products
  • temperature regulation
  • distribution of hormones & cells of immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 major layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tunica intima

A
  • endothelial cells (simple squamous epithelium - lines lumen)
  • basal lamina
  • subendothelial CT
  • internal elastic lamina (IEL) - contains elastin, perforated by fenestrae (for nutrients), separates intima from media in arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tunica media

A

-thickest layer in arteries

  • smooth muscle
    • helically (“circularly”)
    • contraction narrows the lumen & helps regulate blood pressure
    • make most components of ECM (not fibroblasts)
  • matrix includes elastic fibers, reticular fibers, proteoglycans (elastic laminae in elastic arteries)
  • external elastic lamina (EEL) - separates media from adventitia (most prominent in muscular arteries)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

tunica adventitia

A

-longitudinally oriented collagen and elastic fibers
-primarily type I collagen
-contains autonomic nerves that innervate the smooth muscle (of media)
-vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels)
-supply the adventitia and media with nutrients
 -more numerous in veins than in arteries
-adventitia blends into the surrounding connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

functions of endothelial cells (9 total)

A
  • permeability barrier
  • maintain basement membrane
    • type IV collagen & laminin
  • promote thrombus formation (von Willebrand factor III)
  • minimize pathological thrombus formation (NO, prostacyclin)
  • secrete vasoactive factors (endothelin - vasoconstrictor, NO - vasodilator)
  • secrete growth factors (FGF, PDGF)
  • synthesize cell adhesion molecules (P & E selectins & integrins)
  • secrete interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8)
  • storage of products in Weibel Palade bodies (derived from golgi)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Of arteries, veins, and lymph vessels, which act as high pressure and which at low?

A

High - arteries

Low - veins, lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which carry blood to the heart & which away?

A

To - Veins

Away - Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Arteries

A
  • high pressure
  • carry blood away from heart
  • travel with one or more veins in neurovascular bundle
  • smaller lumen than vein
  • thicker tunica media than vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Elastic vs Muscular arteries

A

Elastic

  • IEL - no thicker than elastic laminae of tunica media
  • lots of fenestrated elastic laminae in media
  • allows for rapid expansion & recoil (pulsatile flow-> continuous flow)
  • no distinct EEL
  • has vaso vasorum in adventitia
  • fibroblasts are predominant cell type in adventitia

Muscular

  • subendothelial layer of intima is thinner (increases with age)
  • IEL - prominent, often appears scalloped
  • few elastic fibers in media
  • EEL - fragmented, extends into adventitia
  • vaso vasorum - absent in smallest
  • distributes blood to different regions of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Arterioles

A
  • smaller than arteries
  • regulate blood pressure
  • control distribution of blood to capillary beds via precapillary sphincters
  • intima - may or may not have IEL
  • media - about 2-3 layers of smooth muscle, EEL - absent in smallest arterioles
  • adventitia - sparse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • most common form of arteriosclerosis
  • fatty plaques in tunica intima -> fibrosis & calcification
  • lipid accumulates in macrophages (“foam cells”)
  • limits blood flow and can cause ischemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pericytes

A
  • undifferentiated mesenchymal cells - can differentiate into endothelium or smooth muscle
  • found around capillaries & postcapillary venules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of capillaries & what allows them to carry out this function

A

Function - metabolic exchange between blood & surrounding tissues

  • 7-9micrometers in diameter - allow for single blood cell passage
  • large surface area of capillary network -> low pressure, cells move through slowly (more time to do nutrient exchange)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

continuous capillary

A

-found in most tissues
-tight junctions
-no fenestrations
have pinocytotic vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fenestrated capillary

A
  • GI tract, kidney glomeruli, endocrine organs

- have fenestrations or pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

discontinuous capillary (sinusoid)

A
  • liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal cortex
  • leakiest type
  • wider lumen
  • large gaps between endothelial cells
  • basal lamina may be discontinuous or absent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

metarterioles

A
  • smallest arterioles
  • branch from arteriole toward capillaries/veins
  • discontinuous layer of smooth muscle
  • have precapillary sphincters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

arteriovenous anastosmoses (AV shunt)

A
  • connects arterial and venous sides with no capillary bed

- good for maintaining core body temperature (prevents heat loss at skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a portal system?

A

two capillary beds connected by one or more arteries or veins (eg. vein-vein or artery-artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where can you find an arterial portal system?

A

Kidney

23
Q

Where can you find a venous portal system?

A

Hypophysis, GI tract & liver

24
Q

Postcapillary venules (PCV)

A
  • right after capillary

- wider diameter (can accommodate 2-3 RBDs side-by-side)

25
Q

Where does diapedesis of leukocytes occur?

A

postcapillary venules

26
Q

Where is the most sensitive site for vasoactive mediators such as histamine and serotonin?

A

postcapillary venules

27
Q

Muscular/Collecting venules

A
  • where postcapillary venules merge or enlarge
  • large diameter (up to 1mm)
  • have turnica media (1-2 layers of smooth muscle)
  • have thin tunica adventitia
28
Q

How much of the blood do veins hold?

A

70%

29
Q

Veins

A
  • low pressure
  • larger lumens than arteries
  • thinner walls than arteries
  • media thinner than that of arteries
  • have valves to prevent backflow (extension of intima)
30
Q

What is the thickest layer of the vein wall?

A

adventitia

31
Q

What is unique about the inferior and superior vena cava?

A

have longitudinally arranged smooth muscle in adventitia

32
Q

What is the surface area of the capillary network in adults?

A

6000 sq ft

adults have 60,000 miles of capillaries

33
Q

Nerves of what nervous system innervate the smooth muscle of blood vessels?

A

autonomic

sympathetic - norephinephrine - vasoconstriction
-skin & kidneys (most common), heart & cerebral vessels (rare)

sympathetic - acetylcholine (ACh) - vasodilation
-blood vessels in skeletal muscle

parasympathetic - ACh or NO - vasodilation
salivary glands, erectile tissue of the penis

34
Q

Lymph vessels

A
  • low pressure
  • return interstitial fluid to the great veins at the root of the neck (…my question….what makes them so great? lol)
  • NO BLOOD
35
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A
  • single layer of endothelial cells, absent or discontinuous basal lamina
  • anchoring filaments connect incomplete basal lamina to perivascular collagen (prevent collapse)
  • have valves
  • absorbs excess tissue fluid & macromolecules (not blood)
  • lacteals in intestinal villi - absorb chylomicrons
36
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels

A
  • many valves
  • larger lumens
  • thinner walls
  • more irregular shape
  • variation in wall thickness
37
Q

What are the largest lymphatic vessels?

A

right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct

38
Q

What causes the fluid to move into the venules from surrounding interstitium?

A

osmotic pressure created by high concentrations of albumin

39
Q

What causes the fluid to move out of the capillaries and into the interstitium?

A

hydrostatic pressure created by blood flow against capillary walls

40
Q

Pressure & fluid movement for arterial side and venous side of the capillary bed

A

arterial side
hydrostatic > osmotic
fluid forced out

venous side
osmotic > hydrostatic
fluid comes in

41
Q

Causes of edema

A
  1. Increased venous hydrostatic pressure - left side heart failure & pulmonary edema
  2. Obstruction of lymphatic drainage - axillary node removal or radiation damage
  3. Increased permeability of endothelium - burn victims
  4. Decreased osmotic pressure of blood - hepatic cirrhosis or malnutrition (abdominal ascites)
42
Q

Route that blood flows through heart/body

A

Lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> bicuspid/mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic -> vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs

43
Q

3 layers of cardiac wall

A

endocardium

  • CT made of up elastic and collagen fibers
  • no adipose
  • contains the impulse conducting systems of ventricles

myocardium

  • cardiac muscle
  • dense capillary beds
  • thicker in ventricles than atria
  • thicker in left side than right side of heart

epicardium

  • contains large blood vessels
  • abundant adipocytes
  • autonomic nerves
  • outermost layer -> visceral pericardium
  • thicker than endocardium
  • blends into myocardium
44
Q

What is papillary muscle connected to in the heart?

A

chordae tendineae

45
Q

Myocardial infarction

A
  • loss of cross striations and myocytes
  • infiltration of leukocytes
  • replacement of dead myocytes with CT (makes stiff)
  • reperfusion needs to happen in <20 min to prevent cell death
46
Q

Aortic dissection/aneurysm

A
  • large longitudinal tear in aortic wall

- causes fluid accumulation between intima and media

47
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • pacemaker
  • pale cells (lots of glycogen, few myofilaments)
  • no intercalated discs
  • adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings present
  • in wall of right atrium near entry point of superior vena cava
48
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • morphologically similar to SA node
  • receives impulses from SA node
  • in wall of right atrium, superior to septal cusp of tricuspid valve
49
Q

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A
  • extends from AV node
  • branches to right and left
  • ends in Purkinje fibers
50
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • pale cells (lots of glycogen, few myofilaments)
  • larger than ordinary contractile ventricular myocytes
  • no T-tubules
  • irregular Z-lines
51
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

CT surrounded by outer layer of endocardium

52
Q

Papillary muscles

A

core cardiac muscle surrounded by outer layer of endocardium

53
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • 3 pocket-shaped cusps
  • pulmonic - between right ventricle & pulmonary artery
  • aortic - between left ventricle and aorta
54
Q

Cardiac skeleton

A
  • dense collagenous CT (NOT bone or cartillage)
  • anchoring point for atrial and ventricular myocytes
  • heart valves are continuous with the cardiac skeleton
  • components
    • 4 annuli fibrosi (aorta, pulmonary artery, and AV valves)
    • 2 fibrous trigones (right and left, unite annuli fibrosi)
    • septum membranaceum

Microanatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions