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A & P > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What three vessels return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

A
  1. Inferior Vena Cava
  2. Superior Vena Cava
  3. Coronary Sinus
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2
Q

What is the path of deoxygenated blood?

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve,
right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, R & L pulmonary arteries, lungs, R & L pulmonary veins, into the left atrium.

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3
Q

What side of the heart is known as the Pulmonary circuit?

A

Right side

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4
Q

What side of the heart is known as the Systemic circuit?

A

Left side

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5
Q

The Left coronary artery branches into __________________.

A

Circumflex and left anterior descending (LAD)

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6
Q

What is the conduction order of the heart?

A

SA Node, AV node, AV bundle, L & R bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

What is known as the “pacemaker” of the heart?

A

SA Node

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8
Q

A junctional rhythm occurs when ___________________.

A

When SA node fails to fire and rhythm is generated by the AV Node

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9
Q

The P wave on an ECG strip indicates what?

A

Atrial depolarization

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10
Q

QRS complex on an ECG strip indicates what?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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11
Q

The T wave on an ECG indicates what?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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12
Q

Where would you find the atrial repolarization on an ECG strip?

A

It is not seen on the ECG strip because happens at the same time as the ventricular depolarization.

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13
Q

What does stroke volume measure?

A

mL of blood pumped per beat.

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14
Q

How is cardiac output measured? What does it represent?

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate
Volume of blood pumped through circulatory system in 1 minute

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15
Q

Parasympathetic innervation on the heart only affects _______________.

A

SA node and AV node

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16
Q

Maximum volume of blood in both ventricles prior to ventricular contraction/blood ejection describes what?

A

End Diastolic Volume

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17
Q

Maximum volume of blood remaining in both ventricles after ventricular contraction describes what?

A

End Systolic Volume

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18
Q

Pressure/Resistance in vessels that must be overcome in order for ventricles to eject blood describes what?

A

Afterload

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19
Q

What creates the first sound in a heart beat (S1)?

A

Mitral/bicuspid valve and tricuspid valves closing.

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20
Q

What creates the second sound in a heart beat (S2)?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves closing

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21
Q

What heart sound sounds like blowing or whooshing because of turbulent blood flow through heart valves?

A

Murmur

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22
Q

What heart sound is created because of turbulent blood flow in carotid?

A

Bruit

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23
Q

What is the purpose of atrial systole?

A

Contraction of atria to top off blood in ventricles

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24
Q

What is your systolic blood pressure measuring?

A

Pressure of blood as it exits the heart into the aorta

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25
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

Systolic BP - diastolic BP

26
Q

How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? (MAP)

A

Diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

27
Q

As blood moves further away from the heart, will pulse pressure and MAP increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

28
Q

When fluid pushes against a vessel wall and causes fluid to move from the vessel into the tissue describe what?

A

Hydrostatic pressure (think arteriole)

29
Q

_______ occurs when the concentration of solutes in venules cause fluid to move from tissue into the vessel.

A

Osmotic pressure (think venous)

30
Q

What happens if the baroreceptor recognizes a decrease in blood pressure?

A

Stimulate vasomotor
Stimulate cardioaccelerator
Inhibit cardioinhibitory

31
Q

What happens if the baroreceptor senses an increase in blood pressure?

A

Inhibit vasomotor
Inhibit cardioaccelerator
stimulate cardioinhibitory

32
Q

What hormones are released for vasoconstriction (sympathetic)?

A

NorEpi
Epi
Angiotensin II/ RAS/ Aldosterone
ADH

33
Q

What is the only hormone that causes vasodilation?

A

ANP

34
Q

Cardiac pump failure, MI, conduction issue, or arrhythmias are examples of what kind of shock?

A

Cardiogenic Shock

35
Q

Blood flow blockage, pulmonary trunk or aortic dissection, embolism, tumor, or cardiac tamponade are examples of what kind of shock?

A

Obstructive Shock

36
Q

Hemorrhaging or a fluid shift resulting in volume loss is what kind of shock?

A

Hypovolemic shock

37
Q

What are the three types of distributive shock?

A

Anaphylactic, Septic, and neurogenic

38
Q

A histamine release causing widespread vasodilation best describes what kind of shock?

A

Anaphylactic Shock

39
Q

If an infection leads to widespread vasodilation and decreases cardiac output, that patient is experiencing ____________ shock.

A

Septic

40
Q

An injury to the spinal cord results in _____________ shock.

A

Neurogenic

41
Q

If a patient has pitting edema in their lower limbs and JVD, what side of their heart is failing?

A

Right side

42
Q

Pulmonary edema and tachycardia is a result of heart failure on what side?

A

Left side

43
Q

The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale bypass what organ in the fetus?

A

Lungs

44
Q

A patient with pulmonary hypertension is likely to have hypertrophy in which ventrocle?

A

Right ventricle

45
Q

Where is the cardiac center and vasomotor center located?

A

Medulla Oblongata

46
Q

A negative chronotropic effect will result in ___________.

A

Decrease in heart rate

47
Q

A positive dromotropic effect will result in _________________.

A

the conduction of the heart will speed up.

48
Q

Ionotropic effects correlate to

A

the heart’s contractility

49
Q

Which circuit has arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

Systemic circuit

50
Q

Which circuit has veins that carry oxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

Pulmonary circuit

51
Q

MAP needs to be greater than ____________ in order to properly perfuse the brain and prevent syncope

A

60mmHg

52
Q

If there is an increase in resistance in a vessel, what effects does that have on pressure and volume of blood flowing?

A

Pressure increases.
Volume of blood flowing decreases.

53
Q

Stimulation of beta1 receptors results in __________.

A

an increased heart rate and contractility

54
Q

Stimulation of adrenergic alpha1 receptors results in _____________.

A

Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

55
Q

Stimulation of beta2 receptors results in ________________.

A

Bronchodilation

56
Q

What is the most adjustable variable that controls vessel resistance?

A

Vessel diameter (sympathetic innervation)

57
Q

Vessel resistance, cardiac output, and hydration level have an effect on ___________.

A

Systemic blood pressure

58
Q

What happens if systemic venous return is compromised?

A

Preload will decrease

59
Q

What cannot happen when the heart is in the early phase of ventricular repolarization?

A

It cannot be depolarized

60
Q
A

A & P (3 decks)

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