Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What three vessels return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Superior Vena Cava
- Coronary Sinus
What is the path of deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium, tricuspid valve,
right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, R & L pulmonary arteries, lungs, R & L pulmonary veins, into the left atrium.
What side of the heart is known as the Pulmonary circuit?
Right side
What side of the heart is known as the Systemic circuit?
Left side
The Left coronary artery branches into __________________.
Circumflex and left anterior descending (LAD)
What is the conduction order of the heart?
SA Node, AV node, AV bundle, L & R bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
What is known as the “pacemaker” of the heart?
SA Node
A junctional rhythm occurs when ___________________.
When SA node fails to fire and rhythm is generated by the AV Node
The P wave on an ECG strip indicates what?
Atrial depolarization
QRS complex on an ECG strip indicates what?
Ventricular depolarization
The T wave on an ECG indicates what?
Ventricular repolarization
Where would you find the atrial repolarization on an ECG strip?
It is not seen on the ECG strip because happens at the same time as the ventricular depolarization.
What does stroke volume measure?
mL of blood pumped per beat.
How is cardiac output measured? What does it represent?
Stroke volume x Heart rate
Volume of blood pumped through circulatory system in 1 minute
Parasympathetic innervation on the heart only affects _______________.
SA node and AV node
Maximum volume of blood in both ventricles prior to ventricular contraction/blood ejection describes what?
End Diastolic Volume
Maximum volume of blood remaining in both ventricles after ventricular contraction describes what?
End Systolic Volume
Pressure/Resistance in vessels that must be overcome in order for ventricles to eject blood describes what?
Afterload
What creates the first sound in a heart beat (S1)?
Mitral/bicuspid valve and tricuspid valves closing.
What creates the second sound in a heart beat (S2)?
Aortic and pulmonary valves closing
What heart sound sounds like blowing or whooshing because of turbulent blood flow through heart valves?
Murmur
What heart sound is created because of turbulent blood flow in carotid?
Bruit
What is the purpose of atrial systole?
Contraction of atria to top off blood in ventricles
What is your systolic blood pressure measuring?
Pressure of blood as it exits the heart into the aorta
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
Systolic BP - diastolic BP
How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? (MAP)
Diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
As blood moves further away from the heart, will pulse pressure and MAP increase or decrease?
Decrease
When fluid pushes against a vessel wall and causes fluid to move from the vessel into the tissue describe what?
Hydrostatic pressure (think arteriole)
_______ occurs when the concentration of solutes in venules cause fluid to move from tissue into the vessel.
Osmotic pressure (think venous)
What happens if the baroreceptor recognizes a decrease in blood pressure?
Stimulate vasomotor
Stimulate cardioaccelerator
Inhibit cardioinhibitory
What happens if the baroreceptor senses an increase in blood pressure?
Inhibit vasomotor
Inhibit cardioaccelerator
stimulate cardioinhibitory
What hormones are released for vasoconstriction (sympathetic)?
NorEpi
Epi
Angiotensin II/ RAS/ Aldosterone
ADH
What is the only hormone that causes vasodilation?
ANP
Cardiac pump failure, MI, conduction issue, or arrhythmias are examples of what kind of shock?
Cardiogenic Shock
Blood flow blockage, pulmonary trunk or aortic dissection, embolism, tumor, or cardiac tamponade are examples of what kind of shock?
Obstructive Shock
Hemorrhaging or a fluid shift resulting in volume loss is what kind of shock?
Hypovolemic shock
What are the three types of distributive shock?
Anaphylactic, Septic, and neurogenic
A histamine release causing widespread vasodilation best describes what kind of shock?
Anaphylactic Shock
If an infection leads to widespread vasodilation and decreases cardiac output, that patient is experiencing ____________ shock.
Septic
An injury to the spinal cord results in _____________ shock.
Neurogenic
If a patient has pitting edema in their lower limbs and JVD, what side of their heart is failing?
Right side
Pulmonary edema and tachycardia is a result of heart failure on what side?
Left side
The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale bypass what organ in the fetus?
Lungs
A patient with pulmonary hypertension is likely to have hypertrophy in which ventrocle?
Right ventricle
Where is the cardiac center and vasomotor center located?
Medulla Oblongata
A negative chronotropic effect will result in ___________.
Decrease in heart rate
A positive dromotropic effect will result in _________________.
the conduction of the heart will speed up.
Ionotropic effects correlate to
the heart’s contractility
Which circuit has arteries that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Systemic circuit
Which circuit has veins that carry oxygenated blood back to the heart?
Pulmonary circuit
MAP needs to be greater than ____________ in order to properly perfuse the brain and prevent syncope
60mmHg
If there is an increase in resistance in a vessel, what effects does that have on pressure and volume of blood flowing?
Pressure increases.
Volume of blood flowing decreases.
Stimulation of beta1 receptors results in __________.
an increased heart rate and contractility
Stimulation of adrenergic alpha1 receptors results in _____________.
Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
Stimulation of beta2 receptors results in ________________.
Bronchodilation
What is the most adjustable variable that controls vessel resistance?
Vessel diameter (sympathetic innervation)
Vessel resistance, cardiac output, and hydration level have an effect on ___________.
Systemic blood pressure
What happens if systemic venous return is compromised?
Preload will decrease
What cannot happen when the heart is in the early phase of ventricular repolarization?
It cannot be depolarized
