CardioVascular System Flashcards
Leaflets
Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
صمام
Lumen
Tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
التجويف
Regurgitation
Backflow or ejecting of content through an opening
Sphincters
Circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
Vasodilation
Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
Viscosity
Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
لزوجة
Aneurysm
Abnormal widening of the blood vessel
Aneurysmorrhaphy
Suture of an aneurysm
Angio
Vessel ( usually blood or lymph )
Angioplasty
Surgical repair of the blood or lymph vessel
Angioplasty is a procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores blood flow using a balloon-tipped catheter.
Vasculitis
Inflammation of the vessel (blood or lymph)
Aortostenosis
Narrowing or stricture of the aorta
Arteriorrhexis
Rupture of the artery
ArterioIitis
Inflammation in the arteriole
Atriomegaly
Enlargement of the atrium :)
Atherome
Athero → fatty plaque
Oma → tumor ( just accumulation to cancerous)
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart.
Coronary
Pertaining to the heart (التاجي)
Embolectomy
Excision or removal of the embolus (plug)
الصمام
Hemangioma
Tumor of the blood vessel
Hemangio → blood vessel
Hemangiomas, also called strawberry marks and found mostly in neonates, are
benign tumors of cells that line blood vessels and usually disappear
over time.
Myocardial
Pertaining to the heart muscle
Phlebectasis
Dilation or expansion the vein
Plebo→ vein
Venostasis
Stasis → standing still
Veno→ vein
Also called phlebostasis
Slow blood flow in the veins a major risk factor for clot formation
Arteriosclerosis
OSis → abnormal condition increase
Sclero→ hardening
Arterio→ artery
Sclera
White of the eye
Septostomy
Forming an opening (mouth) in the septum
Sphygmoid
Sphygmo→ pulse
Oid → resembling
Stenotic
Steno → narrowing or stricture
Tic → pertaining to
Thrombolysis
Separation or destruction or loosening of a blood clot
Valvotomy
Incision of the valve
Valvuloplasty
Surgical repair of the valve
Ventricular
Pertaining to the ventricle (of the heart or brain)
Ventriculo → ventricle (of the heart or brain)
Tachycardia
Rapid heart condition
Aortostenosis,
Narrowing or stricture of the aorta
Bradycardia
Slow heart condition
Endovascular
vascul: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-ar: pertaining to
Endo → in/ within
Extravascular
vascul: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-ar: pertaining to
Extra:- outside
Pericardial
cardi: heart
-al: pertaining to
Peri: around
Pericardial refers to the membrane that surrounds the heart, the pericardium.
Transseptal
sept: septum
-al: pertaining to
Trans: across
Read
Atherosclerosis of the internal carotid artery.
Angina
angin: choking pain
-a: noun ending
Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
Bradycardia
brady-: slow
-cardia: heart condition
Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
Fibrillation
Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
Heart block
Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
Tachycardia
tachy-: rapid
-cardia: heart condition
Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute Patients with tachycardia may experience palpitations.
Bruit
Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur
Cardiomyopathy
cardi/o: heart
my/o: muscle
-pathy: disease
Disease or weakening of heart muscle
Coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel especially the aorta
Embolism
embol: embolus (plug)
-ism: condition
Heart failure ( h.f )
Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the
quantity of blood required by the body
Hyperlipidemia
hyper-: excessive, above normal
lipid: fat
-emia: blood condition
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides)
in the blood
Hyperlipidemia is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis.
Hypertension (h.t.n)
hyper-: excessive, above normal
-tension: to stretch
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
Hypotension
hypo-: under, below, deficient
-tension: to stretch
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
Mitral valve prolapse ( m.v. p)
Palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter a
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Phlebitis
phleb: vein
-itis: inflammation
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more
commonly the legs)
Rheumatic heart disease ( r.h.d)
Syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased
supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
Thrombosis
thromb: blood clot
-osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and
obstructs it at the site of its formation
Deep vein thrombosis (d.vt)
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in
the legs or thighs; also called deep
venous thrombosis
In DVT, blood clots may break away from the vein wall and travel in the
body, especially to the lungs.
Electrocardiography ECG / EKG
electr/o: electricity
cardi/o: heart
-graphy: process of recording
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
ECG helps diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and myocardial damage.
Holler monster test.
Procedure that uses a
small, portable system
to record and store the elec-
trical activity of the heart over
a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event
monitor test
Stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or
treadmill)
Cardiac biomarkers
Blood test that measures the presence and a mound of several substances released by the heart when it’s damaged or under stress
Also called cardiac enzyme test
Lipid panel
Series of blood tests used to asses risk factors of ischemic heart disease
Angiography
angi/o: vessel (usually blood
or lymph)
-graphy: process of recording
Angiography of an artery is called arteriography. Angiography of a vein is
called venography.
aortography
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast
medium
Aortography helps diagnose aortic insufficiency.
Coronary angiography
coron: heart
-ary: pertaining to
Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or
obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
Doppler US
Carotid artery US
echocardiography (ECHO)
echo-: repeated sound
cardi/o: heart
-graphy: process of recording
Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through
the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output
Myocardial perfusion imaging (m.p.i)
my/o: muscle
cardi: heart
-al: pertaining to
Single photon emission computed tomography (spect)
tom/o: to cut
-graphy: process of recording
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Cardiac MRI helps evaluate the effects of coronary heart disease, plan
treatment strategies, and monitor the progression of disorders over time.
Multiple-gated acquisition (muga) Sean
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively
the heart walls move as
they contract and then calculates the ejection frac-
tion rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
The ejection fraction rate is the most accurate predictor of overall heart func-
tion. The gamma camera is coordinated (gated) with the patient’s ECG.
Cardiac catheterization CC
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a
comprehensive evaluation of the heart
Electrophysiology study (EPS)
Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
Angioplasty
angi/o: vessel (usually
blood or lymph)
-plasty: surgical repair
Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (p.t.c.a)
per-: through
cutane: skin
-ous: pertaining to
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon
catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to
enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
After the balloon opens the lumen, the practitioner deflates and removes it.
This procedure iS commonly performed in conjunction with stent placement,
a device that remains in the artery after the procedure is complete
Cardiac ablation
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through
a vein in the groin and
threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause
an arrhythmia
Coronary artery bypass graft (cabg)
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the
blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart
muscle
Implantable cardioverter - defibrillator
Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a
patient
who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such
as ventricular
tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac
arrest;
also called automatic
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
Open heart surgery
Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open
the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
Pacemaker insertion
Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the
heart rate and rhythm
Defibrillation
Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
