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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the heart?

A
  • generating blood pressure (set driving pressure)
  • routing blood (separate pulmonary, systemic, coronary circulations)
  • ensuring one way blood flow (valves)
  • regulating blood supply
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2
Q

Functions of Fibrous Pericardium

A
  • acts as wall between lungs
  • anchors heart
  • tough layer
  • allows heart to only grow/expand to a certain degree
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3
Q

List all layers in the pericardial sac from outer to inner (superficial to deep?)

A
  1. Fibrous Pericardium
  2. Serous Pericardium
  3. Parietal Pericardium
  4. Pericardial cavity
  5. Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)
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4
Q

Describe Serous pericardium

A
  • thin
  • transparent
  • double inner layers
  • simple squamous epithelium
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5
Q

Describe parietal and visceral pericardium, and pericardial cavity

A

Parietal: lines fibrous outer layer
Visceral: covers heart surface

Cavity: filled with pericardial fluid, separates two layers, acts as lubricant to reduce friction

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6
Q

Describe the layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium, Simple squamous epithelium covering loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Myocardium: cardiac muscle layer (bulk of heart)

Endocardium: chamber lining and valves, connects to trabeculae carneae

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7
Q

Describe the 3 sulci

A

Coronary sulcus: encircles heart, marks boundary between atria and ventricles

Anterior interventricular sulcus: marks boundary between ventricles anteriorly

Posterior interventricular sulcus: marks boundary between ventricles posteriorly

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8
Q

What are anastomoses

A

Connections between arteries supplying blood to same region, provides alternate routes in case one artery gets blocked

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9
Q

Describe right coronary artery and key branches

A

Right coronary: exits aorta just superior to where aorta exits, lies in coronary sulcus

Right marginal: lateral wall of right ventricle

Posterior interventricular artery: lies in posterior interventricular sulcus, supplies posterior and inferior aspects of heart

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10
Q

Describe left coronary artery and important branches

A

Left coronary: exits aorta near right coronary

Anterior interventricular artery: left anterior descending artery in anterior interventricular sulcus

Circumflex artery: extends to posterior aspect

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11
Q

Describe the 4 major veins in the heart

A

Great cardiac vein: drains left side of the heart

Small cardiac vein: drains right margin of heart

Middle cardiac vein: drains areas supplied by posterior interventricular artery

Coronary sinus: large venous cavity that empties into right atrium

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12
Q

Describe the pathway of blood leaving the heart

A
  1. Blood is in right atrium
  2. Blood leaves through tricuspid valve
  3. Blood enters right ventricle
  4. Blood moves through pulmonary semilunar valve
  5. Blood moves through pulmonary trunk
  6. Blood leaves through right and left branches of pulmonary arteries
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13
Q

Describe the pathway of blood entering the heart

A
  1. Blood enters through pulmonary veins
  2. Blood enters left atrium
  3. Blood leaves via bicuspid valve
  4. Blood enters left ventricle
  5. Blood passes through aortic semilunar valve
  6. Blood moves through aortic arch
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14
Q

Describe atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

A
  • leaf like cusps attached to papillary muscles by cordae tendonae
  • right has three cusps and left has two
  • valve open = atrioventricular canal
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15
Q

Describe semilunar valves

A
  • right (pulmonary) and left (aortic)
  • cup shaped
  • cusps filled, valves closed
  • cusps empty, valves open
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16
Q

What is the skeleton of the heart?

A
  • plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles
  • fibrous rings around valves for support, electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
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17
Q

Describe the heart valves when they are relaxed

A
  • ventricle relaxed , papillary muscle relaxed and less tension on chordae tendinae
  • blood fills ventricle, low pressure in ventricle and high pressure in semilunar valve so it stays closed
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18
Q

Describe heart valves when they are contracted

A
  • atria contracts and push blood into ventricle
  • ventricle contracts, decrease volume increase pressure
  • pressure increase closes AV valve
  • pressure overcome semilunar valve and blood moves through
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19
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • elongated, don’t run length of muscle
  • branching
  • contain 1-2 centrally located nuclei
  • unorganized myofibrils
  • large amount of mitochondria
  • contains intercalated disks
20
Q

Describe the function of desmosomes and where they are found

A
  • found at intercalated disks
  • keep cells together
  • ensures cells don’t pull away from each other during contraction
21
Q

Describe the general components of cardiac muscle fibres

A
  • larger transverse tubules but less frequent
  • no triads
  • less organized sarcoplasmic reticulum
    • slower cross bridging to ensure regulated heart beat
22
Q

List in sequence the action potentials in the heart, where they pass through and if if the speed changes

A
  1. sinoatrual node (SA node)
    - depolarizes quicker and dictates pace of conducting system
  2. Signal is sent through interatrial septum to left atrium and right atrium
  3. Signal hits atrioventricular node (AV) and slows to allow atria to contract
  4. Signal moves through atrioventricular bundle (AV)
  5. Signal is then split into right and left bundle branches
    - signal speeds up - fast conduction
  6. Further branching occurs at purkinje fibers
23
Q

Describe what happens when an action potential reaches cardiac muscle

A
  1. Rapid depolarization
    - sodium inflow (sodium channels open)
    - signal increase from -90mV to -20mV
  2. Plateau, maintain depolarization to allow muscle to contract
    - calcium inflow and potassium outflow
    - signal is 0 mV
  3. Repolarization
    - calcium channels close
    - sodium and potassium pump reestablish gradient
24
Q

Describe what happens during the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave

A

P wave: depolarization of atrial myocardium - atria contracts

QRS complex: ventricular depolarization - ventricle contracts
- atria repolarization

T wave: repolarization of ventricles - ventricular relaxation

25
Q

Describe what happens during the PQ interval, ST interval and QT interval

A

PQ: start of atrial excitation to start of ventricular excitation

ST: time between end of ventricular depolarization and repolarization

QT: start of ventricular depolarization and end of ventricular repolarization

26
Q

Define systole and diastole

A

Systole: contraction part

Diastole: relaxation part

27
Q

Describe the 1st phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial contraction

  • systole in atrium
  • ventricular filling
    • contraction of atria pushes blood into ventricle
28
Q

Describe the 2nd phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumetric contraction

  • ventricle begins systole
  • atria relaxes
29
Q

Describe the 3rd phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular ejection

  • heart is in systole so blood gets pushed out
  • right side is pulmonary
  • left side is systemic
30
Q

Describe the 4th phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

  • ventricle begins diastole
  • not filled with blood yet
31
Q

Describe the 5th phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular filling

  • all chambers of heart are relaxed
  • blood moves back to heart because of blood pressure
  • heart is passively filled
32
Q

Describe the 3 heart sounds and what causes them

A
  1. Lub
    - AV valve closes
    - beginning of ventricular systole
  2. Dub
    - close of aortic or pulmonary semilunar valves
  3. Arises with turbulent blood flow when blood is leaving or returning to the heart
33
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

CO=HR x SV

34
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The blood pumped out during each heartbeat

SV= (End diastolic volume) - (Systolic volume)

35
Q

Define intrinsic and extrinsic regulation

A

Intrinsic:

  • change in rate or function of heart
  • no neural or hormonal only functional changes

Extrinsic:

  • outside sources controlling the heart
  • includes nervous system and hormones
36
Q

Describe preload (stroke volume)

A
  • amount of stretch on ventricle walls before contraction

- greater stretch = greater contraction

37
Q

Describe afterload (stroke volume)

A
  • pressure the contracting ventricle must produce to overcome aorta pressure and open semilunar valve
  • happens around 80mmHg
  • called diastolic blood pressure
38
Q

Describe contractility (stroke volume)

A
  • forcefulness of contraction of the ventricle muscle fibres
  • controlled by inotropic agents - either increase or decrease contractility
  • extrinsic factor
39
Q

What do positive inotropic agents do?

A
  • open calcium channels

- cause contractions

40
Q

What do negative inotropic agents do?

A
  • close calcium channels
  • reduce contraction force thus
    • reduce nutrient and oxygen demand
41
Q

What is the Frank Starling Law

A
  • as the end diastolic volume increase the stroke volume increases
  • more blood in heart = more blood ejected
  • stretch in walls lead to better overlap for actin and myosin thus produce greater force of contraction
42
Q

What is venous return?

A
  • amount of blood that returns to heart from systemic circulation
  • at rest depends on pressure in blood vessels
  • muscle pump - muscle contract = blood vessel squeezed sending blood back to heart
43
Q

How can the PNS affect heart rate?

A
  • vagus nerve release acetylcholine
  • opens more potassium channels
  • takes longer to reach threshold
  • heart rate is slowed
44
Q

How does the SNS affect heart rate?

A
  • cardiac accelerator nerves increase heart rate and contractility
  • release norepinephrine at SA node, AV node, coronary blood vessels and myocardium
  • open calcium channels
  • decreases time needed to reach threshold
45
Q

What are baroreceptors and what is their function?

A
  • sensory receptors that sense stretch on artery walls

- measure blood pressure

46
Q

What are chemoreceptors and what is their function?

A
  • monitor pH level, CO2, O2, through cerebral spinal fluid
47
Q

How does the heart rate change with temperature?

A

Cold: - decreases, metabolic demand lowered, keep blood away from skin so heat isn’t lost

Hot: - increases, blood is taken to skin to lose heat

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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