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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 functions of blood

A
  1. Transport gases, nutrients, and waste products
  2. Transport of processed molecules
  3. Transport of regulatory molecules
  4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
  5. Maintenance of body temperature
  6. Protection against foreign substances
  7. Clot formation
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2
Q

What is the blood plasma composed of?

A
  • proteins - albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
  • solutes - electrolytes, bicarbonate ions
  • macro and micronutrients
  • waste products
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3
Q

What are the formed elements in the blood?

A
  • red blood cells (majority)
  • platelets (help with clotting)
  • white blood cells (minority)
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4
Q

Describe albumins

A
  • make up 58% of blood plasma
  • carry molecules, fats, bilirubin, thyroid hormones
  • maintains osmotic pressure
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5
Q

Describe globulins

A
  • make up 38% of blood plasma
  • make up large amount of antibodies in blood
  • transporting molecules
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6
Q

Describe fibrinogen

A
  • makes up 4% of blood plasma

- has a role in clotting

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7
Q

What are the function of red blood cells?

A
  • carry O2, CO2, H via hemoglobin
  • contains carbonic anhydrase enzyme
    • convert CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate ions
    • buffers pH changes
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8
Q

What are red blood cells made up of?

A
  • 1/3 is hemoglobin

- 2/3 is lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase

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9
Q

Describe the two types of white blood cells

A

Granulocyte: large granules, multilobed nucleus, 3 types

  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils

Agranulocytes: smaller granulose, nucleus not lobed, 2 types

  • lymphocyte
  • monocyte
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10
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Process of cell production

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11
Q

What are the stem cells in red bone marrow and what do they become?

A
  • proerythroblast -> red blood cell
  • myeloblas -> granulocytes
  • lymphoblast -> lymphocyte
  • monoblasts -> monocyte
  • megakaryoblast -> platelets
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12
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A
  • 4 globin molecules (polypeptide chains)
  • 4 heme molecules
  • globin either alpha or beta
  • each heme contains one iron
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13
Q

List the 3 steps involved in red blood cell recycling

A
  1. Natural degradation after 120 days
    - broken down by macrophages
  2. Separation of components
    - globin -> broken into amino acids
    - heme -> iron removed -> stored in liver or recycled
  3. Iron free heme portion converted to pigment
    - ain’t no way we gotta memorize why our shit is brown smh
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14
Q

Describe the function of white blood cells and how they move around the body

A

Function: protect body - nucleated and no heme

Movements:

  • ameboid movement - create arm extension and wrap around debris
  • diapedesis - thins itself and move between epithelial cells of capillaries
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15
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • 60-70% of white blood cells (majority)
  • lobed nucleus
  • short life - constantly produced
  • first line of defence - engulf and phagocytize bacteria
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16
Q

Describe basophils

A
  • 0.5-1% of white blood cells
  • inflammatory response - produce histamine and vasodilation occurs and bronchial construction
  • produce heparin - inhibit blood clotting
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17
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • 20-25% of white blood cells
  • agranulocytes
  • produced in red bone marrow - proliferate in lymphatic tissue
  • produce antibodies, destroy viruses and tumor cells
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18
Q

Describe monocytes

A
  • 3-8% of white blood cells
  • largest cell
  • become macrophages (phagocytize bacteria)
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19
Q

What are platelets and what is their function

A
  • fragments of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

- prevent blood loss

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20
Q

Describe elastic blood vessels

A
  • close to heart, great vessels of body (aorta and pulmonary trunk)
  • large diameter, lots of elastic fibers, thick elastic membrane in tunica media
  • pressure reservoirs - elastic walls recoil and push blood
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21
Q

Describe muscular blood vessels

A
  • thick smooth muscle walls
  • involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation (maintain bp)
  • elastic muscle layer less significant
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22
Q

Describe arterioles

A
  • smallest artery level - dictate amount of blood that enters capillary
  • can change diameter (smooth muscle exterior)
  • metarteriole - terminal end
  • 1-2 layer of smooth muscle
23
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • site of gas exchange

- found in lungs and body tissues

24
Q

Describe veins/venules

A
  • less elastic and smooth fibers - ensure one way blood flow
  • cannot vasodilate or vasoconstrict
  • veins have bigger diameter but artery have thicker wall
25
Q

Describe the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

Tunica Interna
- inner layer made of simple squamous epithelium
- internal elastic membrane in arteries (not veins)
Tunica Media
- middle layer made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
- 25-40 layer (artery) & 1-2 layer (veins)
Tunica adventitia
- outer layer connect blood vessel to tissue
- collagen and elastic fibres

26
Q

Describe the 3 types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
    - no gabs between endothelial cells
    - less permeable
    - skeletal muscle and nervous tissue
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
    - holes between cells create pores
    - absorb larger particles
    - some region have thin porous diaphragm
  3. Sinusoids capillaries
    - large diameter and large fenestrae
    - allow large molecules into blood (hormones)
27
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation (including pulmonary trunk + veins)

A
  • brings blood from right side of heart to lungs to left side of heart
  • pulmonary trunk made of left and right pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins exit lung and enter left atrium
28
Q

Describe systemic circulation (artery)

A
  • aorta leaves ventricle - has 3 parts
    • ascending aorta
    • aortic arch
    • descending aorta
29
Q

Brachiocephalic artery (trunk)

A

Serves right side of head, neck, upper limb

30
Q

Right common carotid artery

A
  • serves side of head and neck
31
Q

External carotid artery

A
  • serves face bone and skin
32
Q

Right internal carotid artery

A

Structures inside the skin (brain+eyes)

33
Q

Subclavien artery (and name changes)

A

Serves upper arm region

  • auxiliary as enters armpit
  • brachial as enters bicep region
34
Q

Right vertebral artery

A

Branch of subclavien - serves cerebellum and brainstorm

35
Q

Thoracic aorta

A

Serves cavity of thoracic region including muscle and conducting tubes into lungs

36
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

Once passes through diaphragm branches into

  • common hepatic - liver
  • right and left renal arteries - kidneys
37
Q

Left and right common iliac arteries

A

Lower limbs

38
Q

Internal iliac artery

A

Structures in pelvic region - reproductive organs, uterus, prostate

39
Q

External iliac artery

A
  • continues into lower limbs
  • becomes femoral artery
    • serves structures part of thigh
40
Q

Systemic Circulation (veins)

A

Returns blood from body to right atrium - 3 openings

  • coronary sinus - drains coronary circulation
  • superior vena cava - drains upper limbs
  • inferior vena cave - drains lower limbs
41
Q

What are the 3 groups of veins

A
  • superficial - can be seen beneath skin
  • deep - run along arteries
  • sinuses
42
Q

What are all deep veins paired with?

A

Arteries

- two arteries run by each other vein runs between

43
Q

List all branches of left brachiocephalic branch and where they drain blood from

A

Internal jugular - drains structures in cranial cavity - leads to sinus
External jugular - drains muscles, bones, skin in face

44
Q

Right subclavien (vein)

A

From brachiocephalic - drains upper portion of upper limbs

45
Q

Right auxiliary (vein)

A

From brachiocephalic

- drains upper limbs

46
Q

Hemiazygos (vein)

A

Drains blood from thoracic cavity into azygous vein

47
Q

Hepatic vein & hepatic portal vein

A

Hepatic - drain blood from liver

Hepatic portal - carry blood from digestive system to liver

48
Q

Renal veins

A

Drain blood from kidney

49
Q

Common iliac vein (internal and external)

A

Internal - drain structure in pelvic region

External - become femoral vein - drain lower limbs

50
Q

Great saphenous vein

A
  • superficial - drains from lower limb
  • longest vein in body
    • portions cut during surgery to help bypass blockages
51
Q

Where in body does blood pressure begin to drop?

A

Arterioles - pressure decreased significantly as enter capillaries
Pressure in veins, venules, vena cava very low - initial pressure gone by then

52
Q

Formula for Mean arterial blood pressure

A

1/3(SBP-DBP) + DBP

53
Q

Laminar Flow & Turbulent Flow

A

Flow straight through blood vessel
- blood cells in middle move fastest and cells on outside little slower

Blood moves in non-streamlined fashion - through constricted area or sharp turn

54
Q

What are factors that effect resistance in the blood

A
  • thick blood increase resistance (increased cellular component)
  • vasoconstriction significantly increase resistance
  • vasodilation significantly decrease resistance

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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