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H+SC Unit 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Transports dissolved substances

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2
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes (RBC’s)?

A

Carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is the role of leukocytes (WBC’s)?

A

Helps destroy bacteria

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4
Q

What is the role of thrombocytes (platelets)?

A

Triggers blood clotting

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5
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins made by the immune system

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6
Q

What is urea?

A

Poisonous waste product from protein

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7
Q

What do leukocytes (WBC’s) contain?

A

Neutrophils - b-type cells that produce antibodies
Lymphocytes - t-type cells that destroy viruses and cancer cells
Monocytes - remove dead cells and bacteria

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8
Q

Where does blood transport materials?

A

Either erythrocytes (RBC’s) or plasma

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9
Q

What do erythrocytes (RBC’s) have?

A

Iron-containing protein called haemoglobin

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10
Q

What substances dissolve in plasma?

A

Glucose, amino acids and hormones

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11
Q

What is the body made of and what does it do?

A

Millions of chemical reactions which are regulated by enzymes
Produces heat, eg muscle tissues

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12
Q

What must the core temperature of the body be?

A

37 degrees celsius

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13
Q

Why can the core temperature not be any more or less?

A

The enzymes breakdown ‘denature’ at high temperatures, and slow down at low temperatures

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14
Q

What happens if it is too hot?

A

The skin blood vessels widen (vasodilate) and lose heat

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15
Q

What happens if it is too cold?

A

The skin blood vessels narrow (vasoconstrict) and save heat

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16
Q

How can you exchange materials in body tissues?

A

Using your cardiovascular system

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17
Q

How do materials exchange?

A

Between blood and tissues by diffusion

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18
Q

Define diffusion

A

When you go from a high concentration to a low concentration

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19
Q

How many litres of blood do we have (estimated)?

A

5 litres

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20
Q

If you lose _ litres it may lead to death.

A

2

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21
Q

How do platelets help broken skin heal and prevent pathogen access?

A

Convert soluble fibrinogen -> insoluble fibrin -> process called coagulation (turning liquid to gel)
This then forms a net-like structure -> traps platelets and erythrocytes (RBC’s) -> forms clot and seals broken skin

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22
Q

What is the reason of erythrocytes (RBC’S) being small?

A

It lets red blood cells pass through narrow capillaries

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23
Q

What is the reason of erythrocytes (RBC’s) having a flattened disc shape?

A

It provides a large surface area, which allows rapid diffusion of oxygen

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24
Q

What is the reason of erythrocytes (RBC’s) containing haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs and releases oxygen in the rest of the body

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25
Q

What is the reason of erythrocytes (RBC’s) not containing a nucleus?

A

It increases the amount of space inside of the cell for haemoglobin

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26
Q

What is atheroma (atherosclerosis)?

A

This is when the walls of the coronary arteries become blocked with fatty deposits - a process called atherosclerosis

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of angina?

A

Breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, chest pain/tightness - can spread to arms, neck and jaw

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28
Q

How do heart attacks (myocardial infarction) happen?

A

When the arteries become completely blocked, it can lead to a heart attack which can permanently damage the heart muscle and lead to death

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29
Q

3 types of CHD (Coronary Heart Disease)

A

Atheroma
Angina
Heart attack

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30
Q

Risk factors for CHD

A

Increasing age
Family history

Lack of exercise
High dietary salt intake
Being overweight/obese
Smoking and alcohol

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31
Q

What medications can help atheroma?

A

Statins - cholesterol lowering medicine

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32
Q

What medications can help angina?

A

Nitrates - relaxes the coronary arteries, which allows more blood to reach the heart muscle

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33
Q

What medications can help a heart attack?

A

ACE inhibitors - lowers blood pressure, making heart attacks less likely
Aspirin - an anti platelet medicine which makes blood less likely to clot, reducing risk of heart attack

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34
Q

What monitoring/treatment can you get for CHD?

A

Angiogram - type of x-ray where dye is injected into the blood so narrowing of coronary arteries can be seen
Angioplasty - a microscopic deflated balloon is passed into the narrowed artery and inflated to push it open (sometimes microscopic mesh tube ‘stent’ is inserted to keep artery open)
Coronary bypass - using a piece of artery taken from somewhere in the body to bypass/bridge a blocked region of coronary artery (allows blood to flow beyond blockage)

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35
Q

What are the pros and cons of coronary bypass?

A

Pros -
• 2-3 days in hospital
• small incision in wrist/thigh - therefore low risk of infection

Cons -
• long healing process (several months)
• can’t drive for 6 weeks

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36
Q

What are the pros and cons of angioplasty?

A

Pros -
• can drive the next days

Cons -
• doesn’t always work
• may need several procedures

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37
Q

What does a blood test inform an individual on linked to CHD?

A

Can detect LDL/HDL cholesterol and proteins in blood

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38
Q

What does an ECG scan inform an individual on linked to CHD?

A

Analyses functioning of the heart from electrical signals

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39
Q

What does an angiogram inform an individual linked to CHD?

A

Pinpoints blockages to coronary arteries by using dye in x-ray

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40
Q

What does a BP test inform an individual linked to CHD?

A

The readings indicate raised levels and risk of hypertension damage

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41
Q

What is an ideal blood pressure rating?

A

Up to 120/80mmHg

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42
Q

What simple measures could an individual take to minimise the possibility of developing heart disease/experiencing a stroke?

A
  • Exercise more frequently - lack of exercise is a CHANGEABLE factor and ensures they raise their heartbeat regularly and keeps blood pressure at an ideal rating - also helps lose weight and lower blood pressure
  • Reduce fat in diet - reduces risk of atheroma
  • Stop smoking - reduces pressure and prevents damage to arterial walls
  • Reduce alcohol intake - lowers pressure and reduces weight
  • Reduce stress
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43
Q

What 2 numbers is blood pressure recorded with?

A
  • Systolic pressure - when your heart pumps around the body (higher number)
  • Diastolic pressure - when it is filling showing the resistance of the blood in the blood vessels (lower number)
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44
Q

What damages blood vessels?

A

Prolonged high blood pressure

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45
Q

What is a high blood pressure rating?

A

Over 140/90mmHg

- increases risk of stroke, heart attacks and kidney damage

46
Q

Which structure is located in the upper wall of the right atrium of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

47
Q

Which structure is responsible for delaying the transmission of electrical impulses?

A

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

48
Q

Which structure can be described as the ‘pacemaker’?

A

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

49
Q

Which structure ensures that impulses are spread rapidly through the ventricles?

A

Purkyne fibres

50
Q

Which component of blood enables clotting after an injury?

A

Platelets

51
Q

Which component of blood carries dissolved food molecules around the body?

A

Plasma

52
Q

Which component of blood produces antibodies to fight infection?

A

Lymphocytes (WBC’s)

53
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle

54
Q

What other malfunctions (beside CHD) are there of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • hypertension

* angina

55
Q

What options are available to monitor and treat CHD? Include medical and lifestyle

A

To treat hypertension -
• monitoring includes blood pressure measurements and regular blood pressure checks
• treatments/lifestyle changes include regular exercise, diet changes, reduce stress, reduce alcohol intake, stop smoking and medication (beta blockers)

To treat CHD -
• monitoring includes blood tests (for cholesterol levels) and ECGs
• treatments/lifestyle changes include the same as above, except medication would be statins, and additionally surgery (bypass)

56
Q

What is the main component of blood?

A

Plasma

57
Q

Where does plasma help in the body?

A

Temperature regulation

58
Q

What are red blood cells (erythrocytes) responsible for?

A

Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

59
Q

Give 1 example of what infections white blood cells (leukocytes) prevent?

A

Neutrophils - engulf microorganisms

60
Q

What can platelets be described as?

A

Cell fragments

61
Q

What are platelets responsible for?

A

Blood clotting

62
Q

How does the structure of a red blood cell allow it to transport oxygen within the body?

A
  • small and flexible so helps them fit through narrow blood vessels
  • no nucleus so that they can contain more haemoglobin (iron containing protein)
  • disc shape increases the surface area for uptake of oxygen
63
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

They run on the surface of your heart and send smaller branches into the heart muscle

64
Q

What 2 things do coronary arteries supply?

A
  • oxygen

* nutrients

65
Q

What can build up in the coronary arteries?

A

Lumen - a hole in the middle

66
Q
A

A heart attack

67
Q

What function of the heart takes blood from anything above your heart?

A

Superior Vena Cava

68
Q

What function of the heart takes blood from anything below your heart?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

69
Q

What are some differences between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries -
• blood is carried AWAY from the heart
• usually carries OXYGENATED blood
• blood flows QUICKLY under HIGH pressure
• blood flows in pulses
• artery walls are ELASTIC and muscular and THICK
• arteries DO NOT have valves beyond the heart
• their internal lumen diameter is NARROW

Veins - 
• blood is carried TOWARDS the heart 
• usually carries DEOXYGENATED blood
• blood flows SLOWLY under LOW pressure
• blood flows smoothly with squeezing action
• vein walls are THIN with little muscle
• veins HAVE valves to prevent back flow
• their internal lumen diameter is WIDE
70
Q

What side of the heart is deoxygenated?

A

The right side

71
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary circuit?

A

oxygenate the blood

72
Q

What is the path of blood through the pulmonary circuit?

A

deoxygenated blood -> pumped out -> right ventricle -> PA -> through lungs -> PV -> returns to left atrium -> oxygenated

73
Q

What is the role of the systematic circuit?

A

Supply oxygen to all different tissues and cells in the body

74
Q

Describe the path of blood through the systematic circuit

A

Oxygenated blood -> pumped out left ventricle -> aorta -> around body tissues and head -> vena cava -> returns to right atrium -> deoxygenated

75
Q

What is meant by the heart being a ‘double pump’?

A
  • the 2 sides beat together
  • heart is a single organ but acts as a double pump
  • each half pumps blood around a different circulation system
76
Q

What can an ECG trace tell us about what is happening in the heart?

A

The waves represent the electrical activity of the heart - the P wave at the beginning shows atrial contraction. If the waves are discorded/out of rhythm it indicates which part of the heart beat is wrong.
It shows if heart rate is too slow/fast
It indicates an abnormal heart condition (heart valve conditions)

77
Q

How does blood plasma become tissue fluid and lymph?

A

Blood plasma is forced through capillary walls (caused by hydrostatic pressure) and carries nutrients and oxygen into the tissue cell.
Once the plasma enters the cell, it is known as tissue fluid.
If the fluid stays in the cell, tissue oedema (swelling) occurs.
The majority of the fluid opes back into the capillary, with the remaining 10% draining into lymph vessels.
This fluid forms lymph.

78
Q

What occurs in the heart during systole?

A

Muscles of ventricles contract and the blood is distributed into the body and lungs

79
Q

What occurs in the heart during diastole?

A

Muscles of ventricles relax and blood enters the atria from the body and lungs

80
Q

Identify 2 functions of the Sino Atrial (SA) node of the heart

A

1- receives info from accelerator and braking nerves (speeds up/slows down heart beat)
2 - ensures both atria contract simultaneously

81
Q

What happens to blood plasma in the capillaries?

A

Forced through “leaky” capillary walls

82
Q
A

Hydrostatic pressure (pressure from heart pumping hard)

83
Q

What does the plasma carry into the tissue cell?

A

The fluid carries nutrients and oxygen to cells of tissues

84
Q

When the plasma enters the cell it is known as ____

A

Tissue fluid

85
Q

What happens if the fluid stays in the cell?

A

Tissue oedema (swelling) occurs

86
Q

What % of fluid goes back into the capillary?

A

90%

87
Q

What happens to the remaining 10%? Where does it go?

A

Drains into lymph vessels

88
Q

What type of fluid does it form?

A

Lymph

89
Q

What happens to this fluid?

A

Filtered and cleaned by WBC’s the in lymph nodes

90
Q

Where does it eventually end up?

A

Rejoins the circulatory system

91
Q

What blood vessel takes blood from the lower body into the heart?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

92
Q

What blood vessel takes blood from the upper body into the heart?

A

Superior Vena Cava

93
Q

What is the chamber where deoxygenated blood collects in the heart?

A

Right atria

94
Q

What valve does deoxygenated blood go through between the top and bottom chambers that prevent backflow?

A

Tricuspid Valve (AV Valve)

95
Q

What chamber has deoxygenated blood pumped into the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

96
Q

What blood vessel carries blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

97
Q

What vessel is it that blood returns from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

98
Q

What chamber collects oxygenated blood in the heart?

A

Left atria

99
Q

What valve is it that oxygenated blood goes through between the top and bottom chambers that prevents backflow?

A

Bicuspid Valve (AV Valve)

100
Q

What chamber pumps oxygenated blood into the body?

A

Left ventricle

101
Q

What is the name of the 2 sets of valves that prevent backflow of blood into the heart once pumped out?

A

Semi-lunar Valves

102
Q

What is the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

103
Q

What happens in the cardiac cycle during diastole?

A

Heart relaxes and refills

Atria fills up first and then the weight of the blood forces the AV Valves open and the ventricles then fill

104
Q

What happens in the cardiac cycle during atrial systole?

A

Atria contract, pushing the blood down into the ventricles through the AV Valves which then close behind the blood

105
Q

What happens in the cardiac cycle during ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract, pushing the blood out of the heart through the S-L Valves which prevent backflow

106
Q

Outline the order that the heart’s electrical conduction system works in

A

Sino Atrial (SA) Node - initiates heart beat and sends to:
Atrioventricular (AV) Node - atria contracts and signal sent down to:
Bundle of His - to the:
Purkinje Fibres - causing the ventricles to contract

107
Q

Where do the atria contract in and ECG trace?

A

The P Wave

108
Q

Where do the ventricles contract in and ECG trace?

A

The QRS complex

109
Q

Where does the heart release (diastole) in an ECG trace?

A

The T Wave

110
Q

What is the order of flow of blood vessels leaving the heart and returning to the heart?

A

Heart - arteries - capillaries - veins - heart

H+SC Unit 1 (3 decks)

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