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Physician Associate > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Name three healthcare associated infections

A

Methicillin resistant Staph aureus (MRSA)
Clostridium difficille
Norovirus

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2
Q

When taking blood pressure measurement what does the top and lower number represent?

A

Top number is systolic blood pressure – the maximum pressure. This occurs during ventricular contraction.
Bottom number is diastolic BP – the lowest pressure. This occurs during ventricular relaxation.

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3
Q

Unstable angina is a medical emergency. True or false

A

True

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4
Q

Name four things you can do to reduce your risk of contracting an infection via a sharps injury

A

Use equipment with in-built safety features such as a cannula with a sheath that forms over the needle when withdrawn.
Use a sharps bin – take it to the place where you are doing the procedure.
Wear gloves.
Don’t over-fill the sharps bin (2/3 marker line).
Follow appropriate procedure if an injury occurs.

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5
Q

What are the features of an arterial foot ulcer?

A 
“Punched out” appearance
Smooth edges
Usually lateral aspect of foot
Reduced or absent foot pulses
Lack of leg hair
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6
Q

Troponin C is a protein that is specifically released from myocardial muscle. True or false.

A

False - Troponin T and troponin I are specific to myocardial muscle.

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7
Q

Name a possible complication of myocardial infarction

A 
Heart failure
Pericarditis
Rupture of valve papillary muscles
Arrhythmia
Death
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8
Q

A patient with an arterial-brachial pressure index of 0.5 indicates peripheral vascular disease. True or false

A

True (any value <0.9)

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9
Q

Name two causes of secondary hypertension

A

Hyperthyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome (elevated cortisol)
Phaeochromocytoma
Renal artery stenosis

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10
Q

20% of hypertension is classified as “secondary hypertension”. True or false

A

False - 5%

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11
Q

Which ribs are true ribs, and which are false? Which are the floating ribs?

A

True ribs = I-VII
False ribs = VIII-XII
Floating ribs = XI and XII

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12
Q

What are the three bones of the thoracic cage?

A

Sternum
Clavicle
Scapula

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13
Q

What is the name of the joint between the sternum and the clavicle?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

What is the name of the joint between the scapula and the clavicle?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process

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16
Q

Where is the jugular notch located?

A

On the upper border of the manubrium

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17
Q

What are the different divisions and sub-divisions of the mediastinum?

A 
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
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18
Q

What separates the inferior and superior mediastinum, and what plane is this found?

A

Sternal angle – transverse plane

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19
Q

What branch/branches arise from the right coronary artery?

A

Posterior interventricular branch

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20
Q

What branch/branches arise from the left coronary artery?

A

Circumflex branch

Anterior interventricular branch

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21
Q

What does right dominancy refer to in the heart?

A

The posterior interventricular branch arises from the right coronary artery, not the left.

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22
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do to heart rate?

A

Sympathetic – speeds up the rate of contraction – speeding up heart rate.
Parasympathetic – slows down the rate of contraction – slowing heart rate.

23
Q

What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk – Right common carotid and right subclavian
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

24
Q

At what vertebral level does the descending thoracic aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

25
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

26
Q

At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

27
Q

Where must you position a stethoscope to hear the heart valve sounds?

A

Downstream from the flow of blood flowing through the valves.

28
Q

Which valve would you hear at the medial end of the right second intercostal space?

A

Aortic valve

29
Q

Which valve would you hear at the medial end of the left second intercostal space?

A

Pulmonary valve

30
Q

At which position would you auscultate the mitral valve?

A

Left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line

31
Q

At which position would you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

A

Left of the lower part of the sternum, near the fifth intercostal space

32
Q

What is pericardial effusion? What can this cause?

A

Compression of the heart by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. Cardiac Tamponade.

33
Q

What is the name of the string-like structures attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves? What do they do?

A

Chordae tendineae. These anchor the valves to prevent them from inverting.

34
Q

What is HCAI?

A

Healthcare Associated Infections. An infection because of direct contact with the healthcare system, symptoms of which usually develop after 48 hours of admission to hospital.

35
Q

What are the golden rules of physical examination?

A 
Introduce yourself
Confirm patient’s identity
Consent for procedure(s)
Wash your hands
Stand to patient’s right
Make sure patient is comfortable
Explain each step
36
Q

What is the term for an individual finding breathing difficult?

A

Dyspnoea

37
Q

What is the term for the cessation of breathing?

A

Apnoea

38
Q

What is the term for respiratory rates less than the normal range?

A

Bradypnoea

39
Q

Which locations can you check for a patient’s pulse?

A 
Carotid – neck
Brachial – arm
Radial – arm
Ulna – wrist
Femoral – groin
Popliteal – behind knee
Dorsalis pedis – ankle
Posterior tibial – foot
40
Q

What is the term for heart rates higher than the normal range?

A

Tachycardia

41
Q

What is the term for heart rates less than the normal range?

A

Bradycardia

42
Q

What is the name of the joint between the manubrium and sternal body?

A

Manubriosternal joint

43
Q

Which part of the spine is the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

T4-T5

44
Q

What is CABG?

A

Coronary artery bypass graft

45
Q

Which vessels can be harvested for use in CABG?

A

Saphenous vein
Radial artery
Internal thoracic artery

46
Q

What is Cranial Nerve X known as?

A

The vagus nerve

47
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

Provides parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic viscera and carries visceral afferents from the viscera.

48
Q

Where is the right vagus nerve?

A

Enters the superior mediastinum between the brachiocephalic vein and the brachiocephalic trunk, and passes posterior to the lung root.

49
Q

Where is the left vagus nerve?

A

Enters the superior mediastinum posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein and between the left common carotid and left subclavian veins.

50
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve arise and what is its function?

A

C3, C4 and C5. Supplies the central component of the diaphragm for respiration.

51
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium – Strong fibrous layer
Serous pericardium :–
Parietal layer – lines fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer (epicardium) – lines the heart
Space between is the pericardial cavity

52
Q

What are the cardiac veins and where are they located?

A

Great – Found along the anterior atrioventricular groove
Middle – Found along the posterior atrioventricular groove
Small – Runs between the right atrium and ventricle

53
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel wall?

A

Endothelium – protects the vessel
Smooth muscle – allows contraction and dilation
Connective tissue – Separates vessel from surrounding tissue

Physician Associate (2 decks)

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