Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPSC 3275 > cardiovascular/respiratory review > Flashcards

cardiovascular/respiratory review Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. heart
  2. blood
  3. blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. transport nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the bpdy
  2. protect against infection and blood loss
  3. maintain thermoregulation
  4. maintain fluid balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the steps of blood pumping through heart

A
  1. venous blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
  2. blood passes from right atrium -→ right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
  3. when RV contracts, blood flows through pulmonic valve -→: pulmonary artery -→ lungs to exchange o2 and co2
  4. blood returns to the heart from the lungs through pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium
  5. blood flows from LA -→ LV from the mitral (bicuspid) valve
  6. LV contracts and blood gets pushed through aortic valve to the aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 4 heart valves?

A
  1. tricuspid (between RA/RV)
  2. pulmonary (between RV and pulmonary artery)
  3. mitral (bicuspid) valve (between LA/LV)
  4. aortic valve (between LV and aorta)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
  • pericaridium
  • epicardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

muscular tissue of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

lines the inside of the heart and protects valves and chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is pericardium?

A

thin protective coating that surrounds the other parts of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the epicardium?

A

protective innermost layer of pericardium consisting of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do we take heart rate during exercise?

A

palpate radial pulse for 10 seconds and multiply by 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the electrical impulse

A
  • electrical signal starts at SA node (pacemaker)
  • signal travels to bottom of atria and ventricles
  • signal travels along Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract (systole)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the measurement of force of blood against artery walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what diastolic level is considered to be hypotensive?

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what value is considered to be hypertensive?

A

140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are symptoms and contributing factors of hypotension?

A
  • symptoms:
    • dizziness
    • light-headed
    • might faint
  • contributing factors
    • medications
    • level of physical activity
    • illness
    • injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 4 events of respiration?

A
  1. pulmonary ventiltion: breathing
  2. external respiration: blood and alveoli
  3. respiratory gas transport
  4. internal respiration: cells in muscles use o2 to do metabolic functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are factors promoting diffusion?

A
  • partial pressure
  • dalton’s law
  • henry’s law
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is dalton’s law?

A
  • 760 mmHg total pressure
    • nitrogen = 79.4%
    • oxygen= 20.93%
    • carbon dioxide = 0.03%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

decribe henry’s law

A
  • amount of gas dissolved in any fluid depends on
    • nature of the gas
    • nature of the solvent
    • temperaature and pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin?

A

bright red substace that transport oxygen to the tissues from the lungs

  • o2 binds to hemoglobin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

purple/blue substance and is a form of hemamoglobin without oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

small protein that bind o2

  • traps o2 within the muscle cells allowing for the cells to produce energy required for muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. humidifies air
  2. warms air
  3. filters air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the pleural sac?

A

double-layered membrane that encases each lung

25
Q

what is the visceral (pulmonary) pleura?

A

outer surface of lungs

26
Q

what is the parietal pleura?

A

inner surface of thoracic cavity and diaphragm

27
Q

what is the pleural fluid?

A

lubricating fluid between 2 membranes

  • need to maintain structure and easy process of ventilation
28
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

pressure in pleura cavity between visceral and parietal pleura

29
Q

what is the equation for airflow resistance?

A

airflow = P1=P2/resistance

30
Q

what is the equation for pulmonary ventilation (VE)?

A

VE = VT x f

  • VE = pulmonary ventilation
  • VT = tidal volume or air moved per breath
  • f = breathing frequency per minute
31
Q

what are factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • anatomical dead space
  • alveolar ventilation
  • genetics
  • training adaptations
32
Q

hwo does temperature effect oxyhemoglobin disassociation?

A
  • at higher blood plasma temperatures, the hemaglobin becomes less likely to bind to o2
  • right word shift
33
Q

explain the Bohr effect (pH effect)

A
  • red blood cells ability to adapt to changes in the biochemical environment, maximizing hemoglobin-o2 binding capacity in the lungs while simultaneously optimizing o2 delivery to tissues with greatest demand
  • increase in acidity = decrease pH
  • decrease in acidity = increase pH
34
Q

what is the 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (2, 3 DPG) effect?

A

the ease with which hemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues is controlled by 2, 3-DPG

  • increase of 2,3-DPG = decreases oxygen affinity and vice versa
35
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

amount of air above tidal volume during forced inhale

36
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

amount of air exhaled above normal during forced exhalation

37
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

maximum amount of air expelled after a maximum inhalation

38
Q

what is dead space volume?

A

air that does not participate in gas exchange

39
Q

what does “incidence” mean?

A

the amount of diagnosis / the population with that condition

40
Q

what is comorbidity/multimorbidity prevalence?

A

simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient

41
Q

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs

  • combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
42
Q

what is peripheral artery disease?

A

disease in artery on the periphery (extremities)

  • ex: pain while walking due to lack of blood flow
43
Q

what are the mechanism involved with smoking status and cardiovascular disease?

A
  • development of atherosclerotic changes = plasma development inarteries
  • induction of hypercoagulable state = blood blotting in artteries
  • formation of acute thrombosis
44
Q

what are the effects of excessive alcohol consumption and chronic disease?

A
  • hypertension
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • CVD
45
Q

what is sedentary behaviour?

A

any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure = 1.5 METs, while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture

46
Q

what are some sedentary behaviour recommendations?

A
  • no more than 8 hours of sedentary time per day
  • no more than 3 hours of recreational screen time daily
  • break up long periods of sedentary behaviour as much as possible
47
Q

how does exercise affect diabetes?

A

regular exercise can help insulin more effectively lower your blood sugar level

48
Q

describe the different types of exercise training

A
  • moderate intensity continuous exercise training:
    • same intensity for prolonges period of time
  • high intensity interval training (HIIT)
    • repreated bouts of high intensity activity followed by intermittent recovery periods
49
Q

what is a stroke?

A

when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted/reduced

50
Q

what is a transient ischemia attack (TIAs)?

A

when blood flow to part of brain is blocked/reduced

51
Q

what are the main types of CVD?

A
  • peripheral arterial disease = blockage in the arteries to the limbs
  • aortic disease = aneurysm
52
Q

what are ideal HDL levels?

A
  • males = >/equal 40
  • females = > 50
53
Q

what are ideal LDL levels?

A
  • males and females = 100
54
Q

what is the goal for screening for CVD?

A

detect disease early at the most treatable stage

55
Q

what are some ways to screen for CVD?

A
  • electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
  • cardiopulmonary exercise tst
  • echocardiography
  • cardiac CT for calcium scoring
  • coronary CT angiography
  • myocardial perfusion imagin (MPI)
  • coronary catheter angiography
56
Q

what is a coronary CT angiogrpahy (CTA)?

A

a scan that records pictures of your heart

  • before the picture is taken, dye is injected into vein
  • dye highlights any blockages
57
Q

what is myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)?

A
  • imaging test
  • also called nuclear stress test
  • done to show how well blood flows through the heart muscle and how well the heart muscle is pumping
58
Q

what is a coronary catheter angiography?

A
  • a dye test used to detect heart problems by injecting dye through a catheter
59
Q

what is the framingham risk score for CHD?

A
  • sex-specific equation prediction equations formulated to predict CVD risk according to age, diabetes, smoking, BP, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol categories
  • calculates 10 year risk

SPSC 3275 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions