cardiovascular/respiratory review Flashcards
what are the 3 main components of the cardiovascular system?
- heart
- blood
- blood vessels
what are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
- transport nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the bpdy
- protect against infection and blood loss
- maintain thermoregulation
- maintain fluid balance
describe the steps of blood pumping through heart
- venous blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
- blood passes from right atrium -→ right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
- when RV contracts, blood flows through pulmonic valve -→: pulmonary artery -→ lungs to exchange o2 and co2
- blood returns to the heart from the lungs through pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium
- blood flows from LA -→ LV from the mitral (bicuspid) valve
- LV contracts and blood gets pushed through aortic valve to the aorta
what are the 4 heart valves?
- tricuspid (between RA/RV)
- pulmonary (between RV and pulmonary artery)
- mitral (bicuspid) valve (between LA/LV)
- aortic valve (between LV and aorta)
what are the layers of the heart?
- myocardium
- endocardium
- pericaridium
- epicardium
what is the myocardium?
muscular tissue of the heart
what is the endocardium?
lines the inside of the heart and protects valves and chambers
what is pericardium?
thin protective coating that surrounds the other parts of the heart
what is the epicardium?
protective innermost layer of pericardium consisting of connective tissue
how do we take heart rate during exercise?
palpate radial pulse for 10 seconds and multiply by 6
describe the electrical impulse
- electrical signal starts at SA node (pacemaker)
- signal travels to bottom of atria and ventricles
- signal travels along Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract (systole)
what is blood pressure?
the measurement of force of blood against artery walls
what diastolic level is considered to be hypotensive?
60
what value is considered to be hypertensive?
140/90
what are symptoms and contributing factors of hypotension?
- symptoms:
- dizziness
- light-headed
- might faint
- contributing factors
- medications
- level of physical activity
- illness
- injury
what are the 4 events of respiration?
- pulmonary ventiltion: breathing
- external respiration: blood and alveoli
- respiratory gas transport
- internal respiration: cells in muscles use o2 to do metabolic functions
what are factors promoting diffusion?
- partial pressure
- dalton’s law
- henry’s law
what is dalton’s law?
- 760 mmHg total pressure
- nitrogen = 79.4%
- oxygen= 20.93%
- carbon dioxide = 0.03%
decribe henry’s law
- amount of gas dissolved in any fluid depends on
- nature of the gas
- nature of the solvent
- temperaature and pressure
what is oxyhemoglobin?
bright red substace that transport oxygen to the tissues from the lungs
- o2 binds to hemoglobin
what is deoxyhemoglobin?
purple/blue substance and is a form of hemamoglobin without oxygen
what is myoglobin?
small protein that bind o2
- traps o2 within the muscle cells allowing for the cells to produce energy required for muscle contraction
what are functions of the respiratory system?
- humidifies air
- warms air
- filters air
what is the pleural sac?
double-layered membrane that encases each lung
what is the visceral (pulmonary) pleura?
outer surface of lungs
what is the parietal pleura?
inner surface of thoracic cavity and diaphragm
what is the pleural fluid?
lubricating fluid between 2 membranes
- need to maintain structure and easy process of ventilation
what is intrapleural pressure?
pressure in pleura cavity between visceral and parietal pleura
what is the equation for airflow resistance?
airflow = P1=P2/resistance
what is the equation for pulmonary ventilation (VE)?
VE = VT x f
- VE = pulmonary ventilation
- VT = tidal volume or air moved per breath
- f = breathing frequency per minute
what are factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?
- anatomical dead space
- alveolar ventilation
- genetics
- training adaptations
hwo does temperature effect oxyhemoglobin disassociation?
- at higher blood plasma temperatures, the hemaglobin becomes less likely to bind to o2
- right word shift
explain the Bohr effect (pH effect)
- red blood cells ability to adapt to changes in the biochemical environment, maximizing hemoglobin-o2 binding capacity in the lungs while simultaneously optimizing o2 delivery to tissues with greatest demand
- increase in acidity = decrease pH
- decrease in acidity = increase pH
what is the 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (2, 3 DPG) effect?
the ease with which hemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues is controlled by 2, 3-DPG
- increase of 2,3-DPG = decreases oxygen affinity and vice versa
what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
amount of air above tidal volume during forced inhale
what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
amount of air exhaled above normal during forced exhalation
what is vital capacity?
maximum amount of air expelled after a maximum inhalation
what is dead space volume?
air that does not participate in gas exchange
what does “incidence” mean?
the amount of diagnosis / the population with that condition
what is comorbidity/multimorbidity prevalence?
simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient
what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs
- combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
what is peripheral artery disease?
disease in artery on the periphery (extremities)
- ex: pain while walking due to lack of blood flow
what are the mechanism involved with smoking status and cardiovascular disease?
- development of atherosclerotic changes = plasma development inarteries
- induction of hypercoagulable state = blood blotting in artteries
- formation of acute thrombosis
what are the effects of excessive alcohol consumption and chronic disease?
- hypertension
- heart disease
- stroke
- CVD
what is sedentary behaviour?
any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure = 1.5 METs, while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture
what are some sedentary behaviour recommendations?
- no more than 8 hours of sedentary time per day
- no more than 3 hours of recreational screen time daily
- break up long periods of sedentary behaviour as much as possible
how does exercise affect diabetes?
regular exercise can help insulin more effectively lower your blood sugar level
describe the different types of exercise training
- moderate intensity continuous exercise training:
- same intensity for prolonges period of time
- high intensity interval training (HIIT)
- repreated bouts of high intensity activity followed by intermittent recovery periods
what is a stroke?
when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted/reduced
what is a transient ischemia attack (TIAs)?
when blood flow to part of brain is blocked/reduced
what are the main types of CVD?
- peripheral arterial disease = blockage in the arteries to the limbs
- aortic disease = aneurysm
what are ideal HDL levels?
- males = >/equal 40
- females = > 50
what are ideal LDL levels?
- males and females = 100
what is the goal for screening for CVD?
detect disease early at the most treatable stage
what are some ways to screen for CVD?
- electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
- cardiopulmonary exercise tst
- echocardiography
- cardiac CT for calcium scoring
- coronary CT angiography
- myocardial perfusion imagin (MPI)
- coronary catheter angiography
what is a coronary CT angiogrpahy (CTA)?
a scan that records pictures of your heart
- before the picture is taken, dye is injected into vein
- dye highlights any blockages
what is myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)?
- imaging test
- also called nuclear stress test
- done to show how well blood flows through the heart muscle and how well the heart muscle is pumping
what is a coronary catheter angiography?
- a dye test used to detect heart problems by injecting dye through a catheter
what is the framingham risk score for CHD?
- sex-specific equation prediction equations formulated to predict CVD risk according to age, diabetes, smoking, BP, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol categories
- calculates 10 year risk
