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A&P 2 > Cardiovascular Physiology and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what does the heart do in systole

what does it do in diastole

A

systole: contracts
diastole: relaxes

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2
Q

where does the right heart pump blood into

where does the left pump blood into

A

right: lungs and then blood returns to the left heart
left: systemic arteries, body

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3
Q

how large are arterioles

A

10-100 micrometers in diamter

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4
Q

what are capillaries the site of

A

transport of water, gases, electrolytes, substrates, and waste products

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5
Q

what do post capillary venules drain

A

drain the capillaries

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6
Q

blood flow to one organ is not dependent on flow to another, what is the exception

A

GI portal system
hypophyseal portal systemin the pituitary
portal system

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7
Q

how does the GI portal system work

A
  • liver obtains blood from portal vein and can be considered in series w/ much of splanchnic circulation
  • blood to liver is venous blood, 1/3 is oxygenated from the heart
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8
Q

how does the portal system work

A

2 capillary beds linked by portal vein

venules feed another capillary bed instead of going through the normal series of vessels

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9
Q

what is hemodynamics

what is it generated by

A

in order for blood to flow, there must be a pressure difference at the 2 ends of the vessel (by gravity)
-generated by contraction of ventricles

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10
Q

what is peak/systolic pressure

what is relaxation/diastolic pressure

A

120 mmHg

80mmHg

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11
Q

how does gravity affect hemodynamics

A

gravity subtracts 40 mmHg of pressure from the arteries and veins in the head and then adds about 90 mmHg of pressure to the legs and feet
-veins=flexible so blood pools in legs when standing

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12
Q

what is the equation for blood flow

A

Flow (vol/min) = (change in pressure) / resistance

Flow=velocity x area

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13
Q

what is resistance determined by

A

vessel’s diameter and tone as well as blood’s viscosity
resistance = 1/ (radius of vessel)
-small radius vessel will have a huge resistance, therefore a tiny amount of flow

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14
Q

veins are high _______ vessels

esp those in…

A

compliance -they can better accommodate increased volume/pressure

legs

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15
Q

when is flow rate slower

A

when vessel diameter is lower

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16
Q

if the collective surface area is very large, velocity will be….

A

slow

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17
Q

where is the largest cross-sectional area in the circulatory system

A

capillary beds

-so velocity is reduced in capillaries

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18
Q

***in which region of the vasculature is there the largest drop in blood pressure?

A

across the arterioles bc its the site of greatest resistance in the cardiovascular system

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19
Q

what does slower velocity allow for

A

more time for gas and metabolite exchange

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20
Q

what is transmural pressure (P)

A

the pressure diff across the wall of a vessel

‘across the wall’

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21
Q

what is transmural pressure countered by

A

opposing tension (T) supplied by muscle and connective tissue in the vessel wall

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22
Q

what is vascular compliance

A

change in volume in a vessel for a given chnage in transmural pressure: C= change V / change P

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23
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and thickening of the vessel walls and loss of elasticity

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24
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

characterized by atheromatous (fatty deposit) and fibrosis of the inner layer of the arteries

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25
Q

what do arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis do to compliance

A

decrease compliance

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26
Q

what is bernoulli’s principle

A

for an inviscid (no viscocity) flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid applies less pressure to the walls

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27
Q

what is rheology

A

the study of fluid dynamic properties of blood

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28
Q

what cna happen if velocity is too fast in a vessel

A
  • breakup of the streamlining flow
  • streamlining flow involves an optimal alginment of RBScs traveling through vessels at fairly high speeds
  • velocity of cells at the center is higher than at the edge
  • pressure on the walls will then increase
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29
Q

what is streamline flow

what is turbulent flow

A

velocity center > velocity edge (optimal)

chaotic velocities

30
Q

what do arterioles control

what do they + pre capillary sphincters control

A

blood flow into a region of tissue

the distribution of flow w/in a capillary network

31
Q

what does ANS control regulate bloodflow through

A

pre capillary spincters

32
Q

what is the preferential route through the capillary bed

A

metarteriole

33
Q

what do all endothelial cells have tiny pores (clefts) for?

A

allow small water soluble molec to pass

34
Q

what are larger pores referred to as? where are they found

A

fenestra -allow for larger water sol substances, proteins to pass, but most moved by pinocytosis
capillary beds

35
Q

in sinusoidal capillary bed, _____ occur btwn cells

how do lipids cross the membrane

A

gaps

simple diffusion

36
Q

what is the starling-landis equation

what pressures can it define

A

determines how much fluid is left back after blood goes through a capillary bed

-roles of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures

37
Q

what is the mean capillary pressure of the arterial end of a capillary?
what is the neg interstitial fluid pressure?
what is the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure? (oncotic pressure)

A

17 mmHg
7mmHg
4.5mmHg

total=28.5mmHg

38
Q

what is oncotic pressure aka insterstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (pulling water in)

A

created by differences in protein concentration across membrane

39
Q

what would an IOP greater than what block capillary pressure

A

17

40
Q

in the venous end of a capillary, only a small amount of oncotic pressure remains, how and why

A

wants to pull fluid into tissues to dilute proteins

  1. 5mmHg + (-28) = 0.5 mmHg left, results in some fluid being left behind
    - lymph vessels return fluid to the venous system
41
Q

what are the functions of lymphatic vessels

A
  1. return of fluids from the extravascular space to the blood
  2. provides conduit for return of lymphocytes from tissues to the blood
  3. transports fats from GI tract to the blood
42
Q

where are central lacteals located

what do they do

A

inside villi of the small intestine

absorb fat

43
Q

how do lacteals absorb fat

A

fats are hydrophobic so they don’t mix well into the blood

  • create cyle: a fluid formed by chylomicron lipoproteins and triglycerides
  • apolipoproteins coat the fat to make it more hydrophili/easier to absorb
44
Q

where does the thoracic duct receive chyle from

A

the intestine and lymph from the ab
lower limbs
entire left side of the body

45
Q

what is cysterna chyli

A

a coalescing lymphatic vessel from leg and ab regions

46
Q

what is the thoracic duct responsible for the return of

A

lymphatic fluid, lymphocytes, chylomicrons

47
Q

what does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

right arm, right uppper torso and right side of the head

48
Q

what is elephantiasis

A

obstruction of lymphatics by parasitic filarial worms

-fluid gets left behind, leading to massive swelling of limbs/scrotum

49
Q

waht do lymphatics play an important role in

A

ensuring there’s no net fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces

50
Q

where is most blood flow in the coronary
waht is it linked to
what is the vasodilator
what kind of innervation is to the coronary vessels

A

diastole
oxygen demand
adenosine
adrenergic innervation => results in dilation

51
Q

what do vessels in the CNS dilate in response to

does adrinergic (sympathetic) stimulation lead to CNS constriction?

A

dilate locally as a result of buildup of substances (response to H and CO2) indicating the tissue is in need

NO

52
Q

in skeletal muscle, what molec are involved, waht is blood flow related to

A

blood flow coupled to activity

H and NO involved

53
Q

in the skin, what are arteriovenous anastomoses?

how do sympathetics converse heat in these?

A

involved in temp regulation, want blood close to the surface at warmer times and further in the cold

-constricts to conserve heat

54
Q

how does skin circulation dissipate heat? conserve body temp?

A

blood flow to extremities promoted

sealed off

55
Q

what is raynaud’s phenomenon

A

reversible ischemia of peripheral arterioles

  • body part experience vasospasm (sudden constriction of blood vessel) w/ assoicated pallor (pale) and cyanosis
  • followed by a hyperemic (excess of blood)
56
Q

what nerve brings back info for the aortic arch, carotid body and carotid sinus

A

vagus-aortic arch

hypoglossal- carotid body and sinus

57
Q

waht is sensed by the baroreceptors

what is sensed by chemoreceptors

A

blood pressure changes

changes in oxygen, co2 and pH (primarily ventilation but also blood flow)

58
Q

what is important regarding which nerve brings back information

A

LOCATION, NOT TYPE OF INFO

59
Q

what does the barorecptor reflex activate

A

hormonal system that changes blood prssure

60
Q

what is the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) system critical in?

A

regulation of blood pressure

61
Q

what does angiotension 2 act as

A

most potent vasocontrictor

62
Q

what is renin secreted by

A

cells lining the afferent arteriole in the kidney

63
Q

what do cells in the glomerulus sense?

A

reduced Na in filtered fluid, indicating not enough fluid filtered aka bp too low

64
Q

what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen 1

what converts it to angiotension 2

A

renin

ACE

65
Q

what do ace inhibitors do

A

reduce high blood pressure

66
Q

when do muscle cells (atrial cardiocytes) in the RA produce atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

what do they increase in urine

A

when they sense higher blood volume (hihg bp) in the RA

-ANF=increase in Na excretion in the urine

67
Q

what does the atrial natriuretic factor counteract

A

volume overload

68
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone released by peritubular cells in the kidneys in response to hypoxia or reduced hematocrit

69
Q

what does EPO act on? where is it expressed? what does it lead to an increase in?

A

bone marrow cells w/ EPO receptor s
brain and retina
RBC production

70
Q

what may EPO be useful for

A

treatment of diabetic retinopathy and ME

  • expressed in retina
  • protects against VEGF-induced permeatbility of the bbb

A&P 2 (8 decks)

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