Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P 2 > Cardiovascular Physiology and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what does the heart do in systole

what does it do in diastole

A

systole: contracts
diastole: relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where does the right heart pump blood into

where does the left pump blood into

A

right: lungs and then blood returns to the left heart
left: systemic arteries, body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how large are arterioles

A

10-100 micrometers in diamter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are capillaries the site of

A

transport of water, gases, electrolytes, substrates, and waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do post capillary venules drain

A

drain the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

blood flow to one organ is not dependent on flow to another, what is the exception

A

GI portal system
hypophyseal portal systemin the pituitary
portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does the GI portal system work

A
  • liver obtains blood from portal vein and can be considered in series w/ much of splanchnic circulation
  • blood to liver is venous blood, 1/3 is oxygenated from the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the portal system work

A

2 capillary beds linked by portal vein

venules feed another capillary bed instead of going through the normal series of vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is hemodynamics

what is it generated by

A

in order for blood to flow, there must be a pressure difference at the 2 ends of the vessel (by gravity)
-generated by contraction of ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is peak/systolic pressure

what is relaxation/diastolic pressure

A

120 mmHg

80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does gravity affect hemodynamics

A

gravity subtracts 40 mmHg of pressure from the arteries and veins in the head and then adds about 90 mmHg of pressure to the legs and feet
-veins=flexible so blood pools in legs when standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the equation for blood flow

A

Flow (vol/min) = (change in pressure) / resistance

Flow=velocity x area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is resistance determined by

A

vessel’s diameter and tone as well as blood’s viscosity
resistance = 1/ (radius of vessel)
-small radius vessel will have a huge resistance, therefore a tiny amount of flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

veins are high _______ vessels

esp those in…

A

compliance -they can better accommodate increased volume/pressure

legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when is flow rate slower

A

when vessel diameter is lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if the collective surface area is very large, velocity will be….

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the largest cross-sectional area in the circulatory system

A

capillary beds

-so velocity is reduced in capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

***in which region of the vasculature is there the largest drop in blood pressure?

A

across the arterioles bc its the site of greatest resistance in the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does slower velocity allow for

A

more time for gas and metabolite exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is transmural pressure (P)

A

the pressure diff across the wall of a vessel

‘across the wall’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is transmural pressure countered by

A

opposing tension (T) supplied by muscle and connective tissue in the vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is vascular compliance

A

change in volume in a vessel for a given chnage in transmural pressure: C= change V / change P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and thickening of the vessel walls and loss of elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

characterized by atheromatous (fatty deposit) and fibrosis of the inner layer of the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis do to compliance
decrease compliance
26
what is bernoulli's principle
for an inviscid (no viscocity) flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid applies less pressure to the walls
27
what is rheology
the study of fluid dynamic properties of blood
28
what cna happen if velocity is too fast in a vessel
- breakup of the streamlining flow - streamlining flow involves an optimal alginment of RBScs traveling through vessels at fairly high speeds - velocity of cells at the center is higher than at the edge - pressure on the walls will then increase
29
what is streamline flow | what is turbulent flow
velocity center > velocity edge (optimal) | chaotic velocities
30
what do arterioles control | what do they + pre capillary sphincters control
blood flow into a region of tissue | the distribution of flow w/in a capillary network
31
what does ANS control regulate bloodflow through
pre capillary spincters
32
what is the preferential route through the capillary bed
metarteriole
33
what do all endothelial cells have tiny pores (clefts) for?
allow small water soluble molec to pass
34
what are larger pores referred to as? where are they found
fenestra -allow for larger water sol substances, proteins to pass, but most moved by pinocytosis capillary beds
35
in sinusoidal capillary bed, _____ occur btwn cells | how do lipids cross the membrane
gaps | simple diffusion
36
what is the starling-landis equation what pressures can it define
determines how much fluid is left back after blood goes through a capillary bed -roles of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
37
what is the mean capillary pressure of the arterial end of a capillary? what is the neg interstitial fluid pressure? what is the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure? (oncotic pressure)
17 mmHg 7mmHg 4.5mmHg total=28.5mmHg
38
what is oncotic pressure aka insterstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (pulling water in)
created by differences in protein concentration across membrane
39
what would an IOP greater than what block capillary pressure
17
40
in the venous end of a capillary, only a small amount of oncotic pressure remains, how and why
wants to pull fluid into tissues to dilute proteins 28. 5mmHg + (-28) = 0.5 mmHg left, results in some fluid being left behind - lymph vessels return fluid to the venous system
41
what are the functions of lymphatic vessels
1. return of fluids from the extravascular space to the blood 2. provides conduit for return of lymphocytes from tissues to the blood 3. transports fats from GI tract to the blood
42
where are central lacteals located | what do they do
inside villi of the small intestine | absorb fat
43
how do lacteals absorb fat
fats are hydrophobic so they don't mix well into the blood - create cyle: a fluid formed by chylomicron lipoproteins and triglycerides - apolipoproteins coat the fat to make it more hydrophili/easier to absorb
44
where does the thoracic duct receive chyle from
the intestine and lymph from the ab lower limbs entire left side of the body
45
what is cysterna chyli
a coalescing lymphatic vessel from leg and ab regions
46
what is the thoracic duct responsible for the return of
lymphatic fluid, lymphocytes, chylomicrons
47
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
right arm, right uppper torso and right side of the head
48
what is elephantiasis
obstruction of lymphatics by parasitic filarial worms | -fluid gets left behind, leading to massive swelling of limbs/scrotum
49
waht do lymphatics play an important role in
ensuring there's no net fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces
50
where is most blood flow in the coronary waht is it linked to what is the vasodilator what kind of innervation is to the coronary vessels
diastole oxygen demand adenosine adrenergic innervation => results in dilation
51
what do vessels in the CNS dilate in response to does adrinergic (sympathetic) stimulation lead to CNS constriction?
dilate locally as a result of buildup of substances (response to H and CO2) indicating the tissue is in need NO
52
in skeletal muscle, what molec are involved, waht is blood flow related to
blood flow coupled to activity | H and NO involved
53
in the skin, what are arteriovenous anastomoses? how do sympathetics converse heat in these?
involved in temp regulation, want blood close to the surface at warmer times and further in the cold -constricts to conserve heat
54
how does skin circulation dissipate heat? conserve body temp?
blood flow to extremities promoted | sealed off
55
what is raynaud's phenomenon
reversible ischemia of peripheral arterioles - body part experience vasospasm (sudden constriction of blood vessel) w/ assoicated pallor (pale) and cyanosis - followed by a hyperemic (excess of blood)
56
what nerve brings back info for the aortic arch, carotid body and carotid sinus
vagus-aortic arch | hypoglossal- carotid body and sinus
57
waht is sensed by the baroreceptors | what is sensed by chemoreceptors
blood pressure changes | changes in oxygen, co2 and pH (primarily ventilation but also blood flow)
58
what is important regarding which nerve brings back information
LOCATION, NOT TYPE OF INFO
59
what does the barorecptor reflex activate
hormonal system that changes blood prssure
60
what is the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) system critical in?
regulation of blood pressure
61
what does angiotension 2 act as
most potent vasocontrictor
62
what is renin secreted by
cells lining the afferent arteriole in the kidney
63
what do cells in the glomerulus sense?
reduced Na in filtered fluid, indicating not enough fluid filtered aka bp too low
64
what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen 1 | what converts it to angiotension 2
renin | ACE
65
what do ace inhibitors do
reduce high blood pressure
66
when do muscle cells (atrial cardiocytes) in the RA produce atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) what do they increase in urine
when they sense higher blood volume (hihg bp) in the RA | -ANF=increase in Na excretion in the urine
67
what does the atrial natriuretic factor counteract
volume overload
68
what is erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone released by peritubular cells in the kidneys in response to hypoxia or reduced hematocrit
69
what does EPO act on? where is it expressed? what does it lead to an increase in?
bone marrow cells w/ EPO receptor s brain and retina RBC production
70
what may EPO be useful for
treatment of diabetic retinopathy and ME - expressed in retina - protects against VEGF-induced permeatbility of the bbb

A&P 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions