Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards by Laura Bunce

Oxygenated blood goes to –

the body

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Deoxygenated blood goes to –

the lungs

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Arteries carry blood –

Away from the heart

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Veins carry blood –

Towards the heart

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Which node emits spontaneous electrical impulses

The sinoatrial node

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Is atrial systole or diastole stimulated by the first wave of excitation

Atrial Systole

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Which node speeds down the speed of electrical transmission

Atrioventricular Node

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What is systole

period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle

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What is diastole

when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

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Why is AV delay important?

Allows the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricles begin to contract.

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When does ventricular systole occur

At the end of the conduction cycle, when the electrical impulses spreads across the ventricles

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What are the 5 elements of an ECG trace

P
Q
R
S
T

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QRS complex represents what

Ventricular systole

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P wave represents what

Atrial Systole

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T wave represents what

Ventricular diastole

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An elevated ST section indicates

Heart attack

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A small or unclear P wave represents what

Atrial fibrilation

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A deep S wave represents what

abnormal ventricular hypertrophy

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what is Henry’s law

when a mixture of a gas is in contact with a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility, until equilibrium is achieved + gas pp are equal in both

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How much O2 is there roughly per litre of blood

3ml/l

What are the male and female haemoglobin values

M- 150g/l

F-130g/l

1 g of Hb = approximately —- O2

1.34ml

What is the equation for the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?

[O2] ml/l =([Hb] x 1.34 x 0.97) + (PO2 x 0.003)

What are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported in the body

7% dissolved CO2
23% carbamino compounds e.g. carbaminohaemoglobin
70% bicarbonate ions (in plasma as HCO3)

What is the first equation for the chloride shift

H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3

What is the second equation for the chloride shift

H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-

Describe the 6 steps of chloride shift

1. CO2 in plasma diffuses into the RBC and binds with water 2. carbonic anhydrase catalyses the conversion into H2CO3 3. This then converts into H+ and HCO3 4. HCO3 diffuses into the plasma as chloride comes into the RBC 5. H joins with HBO8 and forms HHb and 4O2 6. O2 diffuses out into plasma

Define blood pressure

pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls

What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

MAP = DBP + 0.33(SBP-DBP)

What is Q

total volume of blood pumped by ventricle per minute

What is the equation for cardiac output

Q(l)=HR(bpm) x SV(ml)

How can we work out Stroke Volume

End Diastolic Volume – End Stroke Volume

What is EDV

end of relaxation (how much blood is left)

WHat is ESV

blood pumped out

What is heart rate variability

variation in time interval between heart beats

How does the sympathetic NS affect HR and Ionotropism

increases HR and ionotropism

How does the parasympathetic NS affect HR and Ionotropism

decreases HR and ionotropism

Is it better for the heart to have lower or greater variability

A high heart rate variability is good as shows the body can respond quickly from 1 stimulus to another

What is the oxygen consumption equation

VO2 = [(V1 x FeO2) - (V2 x FeO2)] / time

WHat is VO2

The difference between volume of gas inhaled and volume of gas exhaled per unit of time

What is the fick equation

VO2 = Q X (CaO2 – CVO2)

Lactate is converted from what by LDH

Pyruvate

What is the lactate threshold

the highest workload a person can work without a dramatic increase in blood lactate levels.

What is the lactate turnpoint

When there is an unsustainable increase in lactate levels

Why is having a higher lactate threshold better?

in a race that person could hold a higher pace without lactic acid build-up than previously. This translates to a faster race pace and times.

An increase in PH and a decrease in DPG and temperature shifts the dissociation curve which way

Left

A decrease in PH and a increase in DPG and temperature shifts the dissociation curve which way

Right

Better oxygen utilisation is caused by what 4 things

``` • Increased extraction O2 o Dilation of peripheral beds • Increased Q • Increased pulmonary blood flow • Increased ventilation ```