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Exercise Physiology Yr 2 > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygenated blood goes to –

A

the body

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2
Q

Deoxygenated blood goes to –

A

the lungs

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3
Q

Arteries carry blood –

A

Away from the heart

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4
Q

Veins carry blood –

A

Towards the heart

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5
Q

Which node emits spontaneous electrical impulses

A

The sinoatrial node

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6
Q

Is atrial systole or diastole stimulated by the first wave of excitation

A

Atrial Systole

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7
Q

Which node speeds down the speed of electrical transmission

A

Atrioventricular Node

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8
Q

What is systole

A

period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart that occurs between the first and second heart sounds of the cardiac cycle

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9
Q

What is diastole

A

when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

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10
Q

Why is AV delay important?

A

Allows the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricles begin to contract.

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11
Q

When does ventricular systole occur

A

At the end of the conduction cycle, when the electrical impulses spreads across the ventricles

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12
Q

What are the 5 elements of an ECG trace

A 
P
Q
R
S
T
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13
Q

QRS complex represents what

A

Ventricular systole

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14
Q

P wave represents what

A

Atrial Systole

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15
Q

T wave represents what

A

Ventricular diastole

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16
Q

An elevated ST section indicates

A

Heart attack

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17
Q

A small or unclear P wave represents what

A

Atrial fibrilation

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18
Q

A deep S wave represents what

A

abnormal ventricular hypertrophy

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19
Q

what is Henry’s law

A

when a mixture of a gas is in contact with a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility, until equilibrium is achieved + gas pp are equal in both

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20
Q

How much O2 is there roughly per litre of blood

A

3ml/l

21
Q

What are the male and female haemoglobin values

A

M- 150g/l

F-130g/l

22
Q

1 g of Hb = approximately —- O2

A

1.34ml

23
Q

What is the equation for the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?

A

[O2] ml/l =([Hb] x 1.34 x 0.97) + (PO2 x 0.003)

24
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported in the body

A
  • 7% dissolved CO2
  • 23% carbamino compounds e.g. carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 70% bicarbonate ions (in plasma as HCO3)
25
Q

What is the first equation for the chloride shift

A

H2O + CO2 –> H2CO3

26
Q

What is the second equation for the chloride shift

A

H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

27
Q

Describe the 6 steps of chloride shift

A
  1. CO2 in plasma diffuses into the RBC and binds with water
  2. carbonic anhydrase catalyses the conversion into H2CO3
  3. This then converts into H+ and HCO3
  4. HCO3 diffuses into the plasma as chloride comes into the RBC
  5. H joins with HBO8 and forms HHb and 4O2
  6. O2 diffuses out into plasma
28
Q

Define blood pressure

A

pressure exerted by blood on vessel walls

29
Q

What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

MAP = DBP + 0.33(SBP-DBP)

30
Q

What is Q

A

total volume of blood pumped by ventricle per minute

31
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

Q(l)=HR(bpm) x SV(ml)

32
Q

How can we work out Stroke Volume

A

End Diastolic Volume – End Stroke Volume

33
Q

What is EDV

A

end of relaxation (how much blood is left)

34
Q

WHat is ESV

A

blood pumped out

35
Q

What is heart rate variability

A

variation in time interval between heart beats

36
Q

How does the sympathetic NS affect HR and Ionotropism

A

increases HR and ionotropism

37
Q

How does the parasympathetic NS affect HR and Ionotropism

A

decreases HR and ionotropism

38
Q

Is it better for the heart to have lower or greater variability

A

A high heart rate variability is good as shows the body can respond quickly from 1 stimulus to another

39
Q

What is the oxygen consumption equation

A

VO2 = [(V1 x FeO2) - (V2 x FeO2)] / time

40
Q

WHat is VO2

A

The difference between volume of gas inhaled and volume of gas exhaled per unit of time

41
Q

What is the fick equation

A

VO2 = Q X (CaO2 – CVO2)

42
Q

Lactate is converted from what by LDH

A

Pyruvate

43
Q

What is the lactate threshold

A

the highest workload a person can work without a dramatic increase in blood lactate levels.

44
Q

What is the lactate turnpoint

A

When there is an unsustainable increase in lactate levels

45
Q

Why is having a higher lactate threshold better?

A

in a race that person could hold a higher pace without lactic acid build-up than previously. This translates to a faster race pace and times.

46
Q

An increase in PH and a decrease in DPG and temperature shifts the dissociation curve which way

A

Left

47
Q

A decrease in PH and a increase in DPG and temperature shifts the dissociation curve which way

A

Right

48
Q

Better oxygen utilisation is caused by what 4 things

A 
•	Increased extraction O2
o	Dilation of peripheral beds
•	Increased Q
•	Increased pulmonary blood flow
•	Increased ventilation

Exercise Physiology Yr 2 (7 decks)

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