Ageing

Question 1

in 2007 12.5% of the population were >60, now what % are

Answer 1

~20%

Question 2

Risks of exercise include

Answer 2

death and MIs

Question 3

Factors which increase the risk of exercise include

Answer 3

• Low bone density
• Obesity
• Genetics
• Unaccustomed vigorous exercise
• History of fainting
• Psychological stress
• Environmental temperature
• Infection or illness
• Mixing prescription drugs
• Increased age

Question 4

How many minutes of moderate exercise should older adults aim for per week?

Answer 4

150 minutes

Question 5

How many minutes of vigorous exercise should older adults aim for per week?

Answer 5

75 minutes

Question 6

How many times a week should older people do strength exercises

Answer 6

twice a week

Question 7

Give 3 reasons physical activity levels may decrease with age

Answer 7

• Demotivated as cannot do what they used to
• Fear of injury
• Other illness affecting ability
• Social isolation
• Loss of muscle mass/bone density
• CONFIDENCE

Question 8

At what age does your muscle mass decline from

Answer 8

60 years

Question 9

What % does your muscle mass decrease each year after 60

Answer 9

1-2%

Question 10

What % less strength do older people typically have from young

Answer 10

20-40%

Question 11

What % loss in muscle size occurs after ~30 years old

Answer 11

10%

Question 12

At what age approximately does fibre loss occur?

Answer 12

50-60 years

Question 13

What two main factors lead to a loss in mobility

Answer 13

Force and Power

Question 14

Give 4 benefits of resistance training

Answer 14

	Increases muscle strength
	Increases power
	Increases muscular endurance
	Increases muscle mass
	Increases fibre size
	Increases metabolic capacity
	Increases resting metabolic rate
	Increases bone mineral density
	Increases physical function
	Decreases body fat

Question 15

Which muscle fibres does muscle hypertrophy occur in

Answer 15

T1 and T2 fibres

Question 16

With increased age there is x % decrease in spinal cord axons

Answer 16

40%

Question 17

With increased age there is x % decrease in nerve conduction velocity

Answer 17

10%

Question 18

Why is there a slower nerve conduction velocity

Answer 18

Due to structural changes in myelinated neurons, there is an increased internal distance

Question 19

Why is there an increase in osmosis leading to accumulated water decreasing conduction velocity

Answer 19

A decrease in function of the Na/K pump. This increases Na, K, sorbitol and fructose levels, leading to an increase in osmosis.

Question 20

Give 4 ways cardiovascular function is decreased by age

Answer 20

	Decreased SA node activity
	Decreased general electrical activity 
	Decreased Hb
	Decreased Q 
	Decreased blood flow, due to arterial stiffening 
	Decreased area of blood vessels 
	Permanent cerebral vasoconstriction

Question 21

Give 3 ways body composition is altered with age

Answer 21

	Increased body mass
	Decreased body fat %
	Increased waist girth
	Increased waist-hip ratio
	Increased skinfold sum

Question 22

How does PA reduce cognitive decline?

Answer 22

 Decreases obesity
o Decreased vascular issues
 Decreases inflammatory markers
 Increased neuronal functioning