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BIO108 PHYSIO LEC > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system is responsible for

A

Transportation
- oxygen and nutrient supply
- get rid of carbon dioxide

Regulation
- regulatory hormones from endocrine glands
- regulation of body temperature

Protection
- against injury and foreign microbes or toxins

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2
Q

Protection:
-protects against injury and foreign microbes or toxins introduced into the body EXAMPLE

A

platelets- blood clotting; WBCs

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3
Q

What are the two types of Circulatory System

A

Open circulatory system
Closed circulatory system

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4
Q

Simple animals consisting of a single cell layer do not have a circulatory system, instead, gases, nutrients, and waste are exchanged by

A

diffusion

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5
Q

Advantage of closed system

A

More effective in transporting circulatory fluids to meet the high metabolic demands of the tissues and
cells of larger and more active animals

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6
Q

What are the three basic components of the
Cardiovascular System and function

A

Heart- as a pumping organ of the system

Blood vessels- as containers, through which the circulation occurs

Blood- as transport medium of the circulation

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7
Q

The heart:
- Shape
- Weighs
- Location

A
  • Cone-shaped
  • between 250 to 350 grams
  • in the center of the chest in an area called the MEDIASTINUM
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8
Q

Heart is bordered by

A
  • Laterally by the lungs
  • Anterior to the vertebral column
  • Posterior to the sternum
  • Rests on the diaphragm inferiorly
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9
Q

The heart:
- Slightly left of the ___
- Extends from the level of the ___ rib to about the level of the ____ rib
- ____ (PMI) - where the heartbeat sounds or murmurs are heard most prominently or distinctly.

A

midline
2nd, 6th
Point of maximal intensity

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10
Q

(Coverings of the Heart)
Protects the heart
Anchors it to the surrounding structure
Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

A

Fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

Covering of the heart- thin slippery serous membrane

A

Serous Pericardium

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12
Q

Coverings and Layers of the heart

A
  1. Parietal Pericardium
    - Fibrous
    - Serous
    - Pericardial cavity
  2. Myocardiuum (middle and thickest)
  3. Endocaridum (innermost layer)
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13
Q
  • inflammation of the pericardium
  • the specific clinical finding characterized by scratching or grating sound
A

Pericarditis
Pericardial friction rub

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14
Q

is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac (pericardium) of the heart.

A

Cardiac tamponade

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15
Q

First chamber: Right Atrium function

A

Receives and collects oxygen-poor blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava and then pumps the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

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16
Q

Second chamber: Right Ventricle function

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, pumps it thru the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, sending the blood to the lungs for oxygenation

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17
Q

Third chamber: Left Atrium function

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins. Then pumps this oxygen-rich blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

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18
Q

Fourth chamber: Left Ventricle

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aortic valve into the aorta, delivering oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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19
Q

The heart valves

A

Atrioventricular Valves:
- Bicuspid/Mitral
- Tricuspid

Semi-lunar Valves:
- Aortic
-Pulmonary

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20
Q

Operation of AV Valves:
1. Blood returning to the atria puts pressure against _____; then those are forced ____
2. As the ventricles fill, _____ hang limply into ventricles.
3. Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ____. AV valves open; atrial pressure is ___ than ventricular pressure
4. Ventricles ____, forcing blood against AV valve flaps.
5. AV valves ___
6. ____ tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria. AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure.

A
  1. AV valves, open
  2. AV valve flaps
  3. ventricles, greater
  4. contract
  5. close
  6. Chordae tendineae
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21
Q

Operation of the SL valves

A
  1. As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open.
  2. As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the leaflets of semilunar valves and forcing them to close.
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22
Q

Two types of valve problems (both decrease movement of blood)
1. - the valve shuts, but cannot open all the way
- thus decrease blood flow through the heart

    • the valve opens, but cannot shut completely
      - thus, blood regurgitates backward through the heart
A
  1. Stenotic (constricted) valve
  2. Insufficient/Incompetent valve
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23
Q

Abnormal aortic valve fails to ___, allowing blood to leak ____

A

close; backward

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24
Q

abnormal sound caused by turbulent blood flow through a stenotic and insufficient valve

what is the treatment?

A

heart murmurs
Treatment:
- replace the defective valve with an artificial valve

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25
Q

PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION
1. the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart again
2. supplies nourishment to all of the other tissues
located throughout your body
3. supplies blood to the heart

A
  1. Pulmonary Circulation
  2. Systemic Circulation
  3. Coronary circulation
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26
Q

In Systemic Circulation,
1. ______ - supplies blood to the kidneys.
2. ______- where it is passed through the liver and the sugars are filtered stored for use later.

A

Renal circulation
Hepatic portal circulation

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27
Q

Anatomical differences in the right and left ventricle

A

Left ventricle: thicker walls, more thick when contracted, cavity is circular

Right ventricle: thin walls, cavity is flattened into crescent-shaped and wraps around the left ventricle.

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28
Q

Summarizes the pathway that blood takes as it flows into, through, and out of the heart

A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Mitral Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Aorta

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29
Q

Banding pattern of cardiac fibers
1. T tubules:
2. SR is:
3. Lacks-
4. Is there a Triad?
5. Thus system for delivering ____ is less elaborate in cardiac cell

A
  1. Wider and fewer’
  2. Less developed
  3. Terminal cisternae
  4. No
  5. Calcium
30
Q

Differences between skeletal and cardiac
muscle:
1. All-or-none response

A

Skeletal: applies to contractile activity at the cellular level
Cardiac: applies to organ level

31
Q

Differences between skeletal and cardiac
muscle:
Means of stimulation

A
  • Skeletal: stimulated to contract by nerve endings
  • Cardiac: self-excitable and can initiate their own
    depolarization
32
Q

Cardiac muscles are self-excitable and can initiate their own depolarization
- rest of the heart is spontaneous and
rhythmic way: ___

A
  • automaticity or autorhythmicity
33
Q

Length of the refractory period in cardiac vs. skeletal

A

Cardiac: last 250 ms (prevents tetanic contractions
which would stop the heart’s pumping action)
skeletal: 1-2ms

34
Q

refers to a specialized arrangement of cardiac muscle cells in the heart that allows coordinated and synchronized contraction of the heart muscle.

The heart muscle, also known as ____, is made up of individual cardiac muscle cells called ____.

A

Functional syncytium:
myocardium
cardiomyocytes.

35
Q

Functional syncytium:
Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by specialized structures called _____. These discs contain _____, which are channels that allow ions to pass between adjacent cells. This direct electrical connection enables rapid transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another.

A

intercalated discs
gap junctions

36
Q

The bulk of the heart muscle is composed
of_______ responsible for the pumping activity of the heart

A

contractile muscle fibers

37
Q

1% of the cardiac muscles are
______ with the special ability to depolarize spontaneously

A

autorhythmic (self-rhythm)

38
Q

The ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize
and contract is intrinsic
Reasons:

A
  1. presence of Gap Junctions
  2. Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction system
    (consists of noncontractile cardiac cells
    specialized to initiate and distribute impulses
    throughout the heart)
39
Q
  • initiate action potentials
  • spontaneous electrical fluctuations in the heart. These cells are capable of generating rhythmic, repetitive action potentials without requiring external stimulation.
A

Pacemaker potentials

40
Q

The sequence of events for pacemaker action potential:
1. Spontaneous flow of ions mainly through slow ____ slowly depolarizes TMP above____. This is called the _____ (also known as pacemaker current); it is active at TMPs of less than ____

A

Na+ channels, −60 mV
funny current; −55 mV

41
Q

The sequence of events for pacemaker
action potential:
2. At TMP −55 mV, ____ channels open
and continue slow ____

A

T-type Ca2+
depolarization

42
Q

The sequence of events for pacemaker action
potential:
3. _____ is the threshold potential for
pacemaker cells.____ channels open and
depolarize cell to___, then overshoot to ___

A

TMP −40 mV
L-type Ca2+
0 mV, +40 mV

43
Q

The sequence of events for pacemaker action
potential:
4. Delayed rectifier K+ channels counteract the L-type Ca2+ channels for a brief plateau phase and then return the TMP back to ___ as Ca2+ channels close.

A

−60 mV

44
Q

A. The pacemaker potential gradually becomes ___ until it reaches ____, triggering an ____

A

less negative, threshold, action potential

45
Q

Sequence of electrical events in contractile cells (Graph)

A

Depolarization
Brief repolarization
Plateau
Repolarization

46
Q

represents the process by which an electrical action potential leads to contraction of cardiac muscle cells. This is achieved by converting a chemical signal into mechanical energy via the action of contractile proteins

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

47
Q

is the crucial mediator that couples electrical
excitation to physical contraction by cycling in and out of the myocyte’s cytosol during each action potential

A

Calcium

48
Q

Main contractile elements:
____ thick filaments with globular heads evenly spaced along their length; contains myosin ATPase.

_____smaller molecule (thin filaments) consisting of two strands arranged as an alpha-helix, woven between myosin filaments

A

Myosin
Actin

49
Q

Regulatory elements:
1. double helix that lies in the groove between actin
filaments. It prevents contraction in the resting state by inhibiting the interaction between myosin heads and actin.
2. complex with three subunits that sits at regular intervals along the actin strands.
3. ties troponin complex to actin and tropomyosin molecules.
4. inhibits activity of ATPase in actin-myosin interaction.
5. binds calcium ions that regulate contractile proc

A
  1. Tropomyosin
  2. Troponin
  3. Troponin T (TnT)
  4. Troponin I (TnI)
  5. Troponin C (TnC)
50
Q

CALCIUM-INDUCED CALCIUM RELEASE
After a depolarization via sodium channels, calcium enters the ____ via _____, Calcium then activates ________ on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR. This special receptor senses intracellular calcium and triggers calcium release from the SR to further increase calcium availability in the cell. As the contraction ends, intracellular calcium returns to the SR via the SERCA calcium channel (grey).

A

cardiomyocyte, L-type calcium channels
ryanodine receptors

51
Q

The heart ____and ___ in a rhythmic cycle

A

contracts, relaxes

52
Q

one complete sequence of pumping and filling

A

Cardiac cycle

53
Q

THE HEARTBEAT (CARDIAC CYCLE

A

A. Cardiac diastole
B. Atrial systole (ventricular diastole)
C. Ventricular systole (atrial diastole)

54
Q

Average, Normal Intracardiac and Vascular Pressures (mmHg)

A

Right atrium (0-4)
Right Ventricle (25 sys/4 dias)
Pulmonary Artery (25 sys/10 dias)
Left Atrium (8-10)
Left Ventricle (120 sys/10 dias)
Aorta (120 sys/80 dias)

55
Q

Divisions of the cardiac cycle

A

A. Systole- contracts (pumps blood out of the chambers into the arteries)
B. Diastole- relaxation (refill of blood)

56
Q

Systole Division (Valves: open or close)

A
  1. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
    - ventricles begin to contract but haven’t generated enough pressure to open the aortic and pulmonary valves yet
    - AV Valves: closed
    - Aortic & Pulmonary Valves: closed
  2. Ventricular ejection
    - the phase in which blood is forcefully ejected from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
    - AV Valves: closed
    - Aortic & Pulmonary Valves: open
57
Q

Diastole Division (Valves: open or close)

A

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation:
- the early part of ventricular diastole.
- AV Valves: closed
- Aortic & Pulmonary Valves: close

Ventricular Filling
- phase in which blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. (atrial systole- increase pressure in the atria)
- - AV Valves: open
- Aortic & Pulmonary Valves: close

58
Q

TWO Important Points:
1. Blood flow through the heart is controlled entirely by ____
2. Blood flow along a pressure gradient, always _____ pressure through any available opening

A

pressure changes
higher to lower

59
Q

Heart Sounds:
1. The ____ creates the heart sound
each heart beat
2. lub-dub,pause,lub-dub, pause (_____)
3. Lub- the first heart sound due to ____ (onset of systole)
4. Dub- the second sound against the closed
____

A

cardiac cycle
quiescent period
closed AV valves
SL valves

60
Q

are abnormal sounds heard during the cardiac cycle

A

heart murmurs

61
Q
  • is the process of producing an electrocardiogram, a recording of the heart’s electrical activity through repeated
A

Electrocardiograph

62
Q

Deflection waves:

A
  • P wave (Atrial depolarization)
  • QRS complex (Ventricular depolarization)
  • T wave (Ventricular Repolarization)
63
Q

The Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker)
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Bundle of His/Atrioventricular bundle
  4. Bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
64
Q

The Control of heart rhythm

A
  1. Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract
  2. Signals are delayed at AV node
  3. Signals pass to heart apex
  4. Signals spread throughout ventricles
65
Q

amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output (mL/min)

66
Q

Cardiac output is determined by _____ and_____

A

heart rate & stroke volume

67
Q

To calculate cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output = HR × SV
(HR= heart rate, SV=Stroke Volume)

68
Q

It is the number of contractions/minute (beats per
minute)

A

Heart Rate

69
Q

It is the volume of blood pumped out of ventricle per contraction

A

Stroke volume

70
Q

Cardiac output is precisely adjusted to meet needs of ____

A

tissues

BIO108 PHYSIO LEC (3 decks)

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