Cardiovascular Pharmacology Flashcards
Give 4 UE of ACE-Inhibitors.
Dry cough Hypotension Angioedema AKI Hyperkalaemia
What is the MOA of an ARB?
ARBs are angiotensin II receptor antagonists that inhibit the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptors.
Give 3 UE of ARBs.
Hypotension
AKI
Hyperkalaemia
Give 4 UE of B-blockers.
Fatigue
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Exacerbation of airway disease
What is the MOA of statins?
Statins are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (this enzyme catalyse the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis).
What are 5 UE of statins?
Myalgia Myositis/Rhabdomyolysis GIT disturbance Raised LFTs Insomnia Rash
Name two options other than statins that can be used to control hyperlipidemia.
Fibrates
Ezetimibe
What is the MOA of fibrates?
Fibrates are agonists of PPAR-alpha nuclear receptors –> they increase gene transcription of lipoprotein lipase, ApoA1 and ApoA5 –> this increases hepatic LDL uptake.
What is the MOA of ezetimibe?
Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. It blocks the transport protein (NPC1L1) in the brush border of enterocytes that absorbs cholesterol.
What is the MOA of heparin:
Heparin activates antithrombin III.
By what routes can heparin be given? Why is this?
Heparin can be given subcutaneously or IV.
It cannot be given IM because this would cause a haematoma.
It cannot be taken orally because of (1) its charge and (2) its high molecular weight.
Give 4 UE of heparin.
Bleeding Thrombosis (paradoxical) Osteoporosis Hypoaldosteronism Hypersensitivity reactions
What is the MOA of warfarin?
Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist. Vitamin K is essential for post-translational modification of several clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X). Warfarin inhibits the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in these clotting factors, and the clotting factors are not effective.
How long does it take for warfarin to be effective after administration? Why is this?
It takes several days for warfarin to become effective because this is the time taken for already formed clotting factors to be degraded.
What kind of monitoring is used during warfarin therapy?
The effect of warfarin therapy is monitored using prothrombin time, which is expressed as an international normalised ratio (INR).
