Cardiovascular Patho

Question 1

Risk factors of atherosclerosis

Answer 1

• non-modifiable are age, gender and genetics

- modifiable are obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes and hypertension

Question 2

pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Answer 2

caused by endothelial damage to the arteries and inflammatory cells and platelets disrupt the endothelium. LDLs and macrophages get stuck to the wall causing atherosclerotic lesions and fibrous plaque to form which can cause a rupture or blockage in the artery.

Question 3

complications of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

1. arrhythmia
2. heart attack
3. angina pectoris
4. heart failure

Question 4

development of hypertension

Answer 4

1. primary is unknown
2. secondary results from renal and endocrine disease
3. malignant is uncontrollable

Question 5

adverse effects/complications of hypertension

Answer 5

long periods of time the pressure can cause damage to arterial walls they can become hard and thick and narrows the lumen, potential to cause an aneurysm, ischaemia and necrosis to parts of the body.

Question 6

three types of angina

Answer 6

1. stable angina
2. variant angina
3. unstable angina

Question 7

Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction

Answer 7

occurs when there is a complete obstruction tot he coronary artery, leading to prolonged ischaemia

Question 8

cause of dysrhythmias

Answer 8

can be caused by MI, angina, electrolytes imbalances, hypoxia and thyroid diseases

Question 9

clinical manifestations of dysrhythmias

Answer 9

angina, dizziness, palpitations, shortness of breath, pounding in the chest

Question 10

risk factors for heart failure

Answer 10

hypertension, ishaemic heart disease and venous insufficiency

Question 11

three primary cardiac parameters in heat failure

Answer 11

preload, after-load and inotropy

Question 12

how does cardiac compensations manifest in the disease state

Answer 12

the heart beats faster ( which increases your heart rate).

Pump more blood with each beat (increase your stroke volume).