Cardiovascular Path 1 Flashcards
What is the blood supply of the heart valves?
Scanty blood supply: thin enough to be nourished by diffusion from the heart’s blood
Most blood flow to the myocardium is during systole/diastole
Diastole
Rapid shallow breathing associated with left heart failure is due to the activation of ________
J receptor in the interalveolar septum
What molecules are specifically elevated in MI
- troponin
- CK-MB
Cardiac hypertorphy leads to induction of genes coding for:
- actin, myosin → ↑ sarcomeres
Pressure overload on the ventricles cause ___________ hypertrophy in which new sarcomeres are added __________ to existing sarcomeres
Concentric hypertrophy; in parallel (leads to ↑ wall thickness)
In what conditions would you have sarcomeres added in parallel in the cardiac myocytes?
Pressure overload in the ventricles: HTN, aortic stenosis
Eccentric hypertrophy of the cardiac myocytes occurs in ______________ in which sarcomeres are added _________
Volume overload; IN SERIES
What conditions would you have sarcomeres being added in series?
Volume overload in the ventricles: aortic regurgitation
Aortic stenosis is associated with __________ hypertrophy with/without wall thickening
Concentric; WITH wall thickening because sarcomeres are added in parallel
__________ hypertrophy in the heart is NOT associated with increase in thickness of the walls
Eccentric
High output failure is a ________ dysfunction and is due to __________
Systolic;
↑ tissue demands and the well functioning heart cant keep up
What kind of conditions can lead to high output cardiac failure?
- diseases that ↑ tissue demands: anemia, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy
Low output failure is HF with _______
↓ CO
Intrinsic diseases of the lung parenchyma/vasculature can lead to ______ sided heart failure
right;
COPD, pulmonary HTN
Patient has dyspnea, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. What sided heart failure is most likely
Left
Nutmeg liver is mostly due to _____ heart failure
Right
What are the morphological features of the spleen due to right heart failure?
Congestion and enlargement of the spleen
__________ has a protective role in coronary artery disease
Estrogen; ischemic heart disease is more common in males than females until menopause which then is equal between them
Other than atherosclerosis, what are some less common causes of IHD?
- anemia/hypoxemia
- low systemic BP
- ↑ cardiac demand: exercise/hypertrophy
- vasculitis
- aortic dissection
Most patients with IHD have ____________ lesions that cause __________ narrowing of the coronary arteries
Atherosclerotic; stable fixed narrowing
What are some changes in morphology of the plaque when it becomes unstable (due to mechanical stresses)
- erosion
- ulceration
- fissuring / rupture
- hemorrhage
