Cardiovascular Part A Flashcards
What are the three parts of the heart wall?
pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
What are some subjective data health history questions?
chest pain, dyspnea, orthopnea, cough, fatigue, cyanosis and pallor, edema, nocturia, cardiac history, family cardiac history, personal habits (cardiac risk factors)
What are some additional history questions/observations that will be asked of children?
growth as expected, ability to keep up with other students, any unexplained joint pain/fever, frequent headaches, nosebleeds, frequent respiratory infections, sibling with heart defect/chromosomal abnormalities
What other additional health history questions will be asked aside from the normal questions?
Pregnancy: HTN during pregnancy, faintness/dizziness with pregnancy
Aging adult: known heart/lung disease, meds taken for that disease, environment
What are the four different heart chambers?
R. Atrium
L. Atrium
R. Ventricle
L. Ventricle
What are the 2 types of heart valves and their subtypes?
- Atrioventricular (AV)
- Tricuspid
- Mitral
- Semilunar
- Pulmonic
- Aortic
What are some important factors of a patient’s past medical history?
- Heart disease: arrhythmias, pacemaker, CHF
- Other medical Hx: hypertension, vascular disease
- Procedures: cardiac surgery, arterial bypass
- Misc.: birth defects, unexplained fevers
What are some factors that increases the risk for heart disease?
HTN, Smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, psychosocial, alcohol use, physical inactivity, consumption of fruits/veggies, menopause, diabetes mellitus.
What is homocysteine?
An amino acid produced by the body.
Which type of cholesterol is most associated with cardiac problems?
LDL
What are some social factors associated with cardiac health?
Smoker? Typical diet, fast food IV drug use Exercise- How much? Stress Levels: Causes, Coping Obesity
What is dyspnea?
Shortness of breath (SOB)
What is a bruit?
Blowing, swooshing sound indicating blood flow turbulence.
Name 3 parts to examining the neck vessels.
- Carotid Pulse assessment
- Inspection of Jugular Veins
- Detect distention
In what position should a patient be when examining the Jugular Venous Pressure?
Supine - raise HOB gradually until jugular pulsations are visible.
What is the NORMAL height of JVP (jugular venous pressure) measurements?
Less than 2 cm
Anything greater than this is distention.
What is JVP?
Jugular Venous Pressure: The vertical distance above the level of the heart that the jugular vein pulsates. BP in the jugular vein.
What are the steps to examining the Great Vessels (heart)?
-Inspect: chest wall, pulses, cyanosis, nail clubbing
-Palpate: borders, thrills
-Papate PMI (point of max. impulse) No more than
1 ICS (intercostal space).
-Carotid Pulses: rate, rhythm, strength, symmetry
Amplitude of 2+ is NORMAL.
-Auscultation: heart sounds, murmurs, bruits
-Percussion
What are important things to note when listening to S1 and S2 heart sounds?
Pitch, intensity, duration, timing of cardiac cycle, quality, location, radiation of any sound.
Where is the S1 sound heard the loudest?
Over mitral and tricuspid areas.
APEX of heart S1>S2.
Where is the S2 sound heard the loudest?
Over aortic and pulmonic area.
BASE of heart S2>S1.
What part of stethoscope is used to listen to heart sounds?
Bell.
When listening to vessels using the bell, what is important in terms of direction of listening?
Listen bilaterally.
What does the mnemonic device APE To Man stand for?
A: Aortic P: Pulmonic E: Erb's point T: Tricuspid M: Mitral
What is the S1 heart sound?
(lub) closure of AV valves. Mitral and Tricuspid valves.
What is the S2 heart sound?
(dub) closure of semilunar valves. Aortic and Pulmonic.
With what does S1 coincide?
Carotid artery pulse
When does systole occur?
After S1 to before S2 - Ventricles contract
When does diastole occur?
Follows S2 to before S1 - Ventricles relax, atria contract.
What are some common cardiac symptoms in infants?
Split S2 sound, murmurs, general coloration, S4 often audible.
What are some common cardiac symptoms in young children?
Split S2 sound, murmurs, symptoms during exam, S4 often audible.
What are some common cardiac symptoms in pregnant women?
Increased heart rate, BP varies w/ position, edema, heart position varies.
What are common cardiac symptoms in the elderly?
Slower pace, lower periph. more difficult, BP tends to increase.
What are some hemodynamic changes associated with aging?
Increased systolic BP
L. Ventricular wall thickness
decreased ability of heart to augment CO with exercise
Ectopic beats
What is the direction of blood flow through the heart?
R. Atrium => R. Ventricle => Pulmonary artery => Lungs => Pulmonary veins => L. Atrium =>
L. Ventricle
