Cardiovascular Part 1

Question 1

Systemic loop

Answer 1

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 2

Pulmonary loop

Answer 2

carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and back to the heart

Question 3

Epicardium

Answer 3

Superficial

Visceral serous membrane

Question 4

Myocardium

Answer 4

Middle

Mostly cardiac muscle, most of heart

Question 5

Endocardium

Answer 5

Inner

Lines heart chambers

Question 6

Heartbeat Coordination

Answer 6

The sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
generates impulses.

The impulses pause (0.1 sec) at the
atrioventricular AV) node.

The atrioventricular (AV) bundle
connects the atria to the ventricles.

The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum.

The Purkinje fibers stimulate the contractile cells of both ventricles.

Question 7

Pacemaker potential

Answer 7

Initial depolarization by Na+ entry

Further depolarization to threshold by Ca2

Repolarization by K+ exit

Question 8

4 voltage gated channel

Answer 8

F-type (funny)
* Open when membrane potential is negative
* Na+ enters

• T-type (transient)
• Ca2+ channel
• Brief entry of Ca2+
• To threshold
• L-type (long-lasting)
• Ca2+ channel
• Rapid entry of Ca2+
• To peak of AP
• K+ Channels
• K+ exits
• Repolarization

Question 9

Depolarization causes
contraction of myocardial
cell via

Answer 9

Ca2+

Question 10

PSNS

Answer 10

innervates the node cells

releases ACh that binds muscarinic AChR

Question 11

SNS

Answer 11

innervates the entire myocardium and node cells

releases NE that binds β-adrenergic receptors