Cardiovascular Overview Flashcards
where does conduction of the heart begin?
sinoatrial node
T/F arrhythmias are often asymptomatic
true
what is the most common arrhythmia?
A fib
which arrhythmias are tachycardic?
a fib, a flutter, v fib, v tachycardia
which arrhythmias are bradycardic?
sick sinus syndrome
conduction blocks
how do we diagnose a fib on an ECG?
absence of P wave, narrow QRS complex
what is the highest cause of a fib?
hypertension
which diseased population group is at a 40% increased risk of developing a fib?
diabetes mellitus
what are other causes of a fib other than hypertension and diabetes?
CVD
obesity
physical inactivity
smoking
excess alcohol
what are symptoms of a fib?
fatigue, fluttering or “thumping” in chest. dizziness, dyspnea, chest pain, or asymptomatic
define paroxysmal fibrillation
when heart returns to normal sinus rhythm on its own within 7 days of starting a fib
define persistent afib
afib lasting longer than 7 days which will require treatment
define long-standing afib
afib longer than 12 months
define permanent afib
indefinite afib, no more attempts to restore normal rhythm
define nonvalvular afib
afib not caused by a heart valve issue (ex. hyperthyroidism)
what are rate control drug classes for afib?
CCBs
beta blockers
digoxin
what are rhythm control drug classes for afib?
amiodarone
flecainide
dofetilide
what are anticoag drug classes for afib?
vitamin K antags (warfarin)
direct oral anticoags (DOACs) (eliquis)
aspirin
a CHADS VASc score 2 or greater for men and 3 or greater for women indicates?
anticoag therapy recommended
a CHADS VASc score of 1 for men and 2 for women indicates?
anticoag therapy may be considered
a CHADS VASc score of 0 for men and 1 for women indicates?
anticoag therapy not recommended
how do you define what the CHADS VASc tool is?
it is a tool used to assess risk of ischemic stroke among pts with afib
what drug is cardiotoxic and has a high incidence of causing heart failure?
methamphetamine
T/F heart failure develops slowly over time
true
define ejection fraction % and what is the normal percentage
percentage of blood volume ejected from left ventricle during systole, normal is 45-65%
what is Reduced HFrEF and what percentage is ejected?
what is it also called?
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. 40% or less
systolic HF
what is the percentage range to be considered borderline/intermediate HFmrEF?
40-49%
what is the percentage ejected for preserved HFpEF?
what is it also called?
50% or more
diastolic HF
what are symptoms of HF?
what are the F.A.C.E.S of heart failure symptoms?
orthopnea (Discomfort when breathing while lying down flat)
Fatigue, Activity limitation, Congestion, Edema, Shortness of breath
how would a chest x-ray diagnose HF?
you would see an increase in heart size
how does an echocardiogram diagnose HF?
helps us determine ejection fraction
*drugs that treat HF include hydralazine and isosorbide
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