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Cardiovascular I > Cardiovascular Histology - Steve > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Histology - Steve Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

From heart to capillary beds

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2
Q

veins carry blood from… to…

A

Capillary beds to heart

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3
Q

What is the average diameter of a capillary?

A

~8um

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4
Q

Describe capillary structure

A

single layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

surrounded by basement membrane

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5
Q

What should you never see in lymph fluid?

A

Red blood cells

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6
Q

Compare the structure of blood capillaries vs. lymphatics

A

blood capillaries -uniform vessel diameter

lymphatic capillaries - variable lumen size, incomplete BM

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7
Q

most interchange between capillary lumen & extravascular space results from:

A

simple diffusion

rate depends on blood and colloid osmotic pressure

even capillaries w/o fenestrae (pores) very permeable

water

gases

salts

nutrients

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8
Q

How does capillary transport occur for soluble high molecular weight molecules?

A

numerous pinocytotic vesicles are present

50-70nm in diameter

transport soluble high MW molecules across endothelial wall

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9
Q

Describe what you see here

A

A cell passing endothelium by ameboid migration, called diapedesis

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10
Q

What is shown in red?

A

junctions between cells

interdigitations of the adjacent cell membranes

joined by tight junctions

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11
Q

What kind of membrane modifications do some organ capillary endothelium have? What organs have this?

A

thin fenestrae (windows)

e.g. endocrine glands, renal glomerulus, intestinal villi

pores closed by diaphragm thinner than unit membrane

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12
Q

What type of cell is this? If is differentiates into smooth muscle, what function may it have on vessels?

A

Pericyte

May have a contractile function on the vessel

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13
Q

What are capillary support cells derived from (or similar to)? Where are they typically found?

A

mesenchymal-like cells

associated with, and surrounded by, capillary basement membrane

found intermittently

more common on post-capillary venules

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14
Q

Describe the role of pericytes in injury repair

A

in injury repair, can transform:

become vascular sm. muscle

also augment BM production

may function as fixed MØ’s

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15
Q

What is shown here?

A

application of adipose-derived adult stem cells

cells assume pericyte-like morphology
may play future role in wound healing and angiogenesis

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16
Q

What are the capillary types shown here?

A

Continuous capillary

fenestrated capillary

discontinuous capillary (sinusoid)

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17
Q

How do sinusoids differ from true capillaries?

A

larger than capillaries, with an irregular lumen diameter up to 30mm

sinusoidal endothelium

discontinuous in some locations

possess a discontinuous basement membrane

allows close association with parenchyma (functional cells)

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18
Q

Where are sinusoids typically found?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

continuous in some locations

hypophysis, adrenal glands

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19
Q

Some sinusoids possess phagocytic cells (mononuclear phagocytic system) What are two examples of these cells?

A

Macrophages (bone marrow and spleen), kupffer cells (liver)

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20
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

sinusoid of a lymph node

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21
Q

What are the layers indicated by the arrows?

A

tunica intima (TI): nearest the lumen

tunica media (TM): external to the intima

tunica adventitia (TA): outermost vessel coat aka tunica externa

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22
Q

What is the tunica media composed of on the arterial side? It is always the ______ layer on the arterial side.

A

Largely smooth muscle on the arterial side.

largest layer

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23
Q

What layer are we visualizing here? What are the labels associated with the arrows?

A

tunica Intima

endothelium

basement membrane

subendothelial CT

Inner elastic Lamina

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24
Q

Describe the morphology of the tunica intima

A

endothelium surrounds lumen

basement membrane underlies endothelium

subendothelial connective tissue

fibroblasts and CT fibers some of which run longitudinally

inner elastic lamina (IEL)

fenestrated layer composed of accumulated elastic fibers

outermost component of the tunica intima

visible when vessel is >60mm in size

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25
What is shown here?
Tunica Adventitia
26
Describe the morphology of the tunica adventitia
morphology of tunica adventitia composed primarily of moderately dense connective tissue CT fibers longitudinally arranged adventitial CT components formed by fibroblasts adventitia merges with loose connective tissue
27
What is shown in the two arrows?
Tunica Media Outer Elastic Lamina
28
Describe the morphology of the tunica media
morphology of the tunica media composed primarily of: smooth muscle connective tissue fibers circumferentially arranged numerous CT fibers formed by specialized smooth muscle cells fibroblasts may be present or lacking external elastic lamina (EEL) concentration of elastic fibers form outermost component of tunica media
29
What are the classifications of arteries?
arterioles medium sized (muscular) arteries large (elastic) arteries
30
Characterize the transitions between artery types
continuous transitions between artery types (no sharp, abrupt changes) intermediate types, possess characteristics of more than one type
31
Though always present, you may not be able to clearly discern the inner elastic lamina in...
small arterioles (due to lack of fiber mass) elastic arteries (due to mass of fibers in media)
32
External elastic lamina will be visible in...
larger muscular arteries smaller elastic arteries (may be present in all vessels, but: insufficient fiber mass to make visible, or volume of fibers makes indiscernable)
33
How many layers of smooth muscle for an arteriole (generally)
1-5 layers of smooth muscle
34
For tunica intima... How much subendothelial CT? Thickness? Distinct inner elastic lamina?
tunica intima very thin little, or no subenodothelial CT inner elastic lamina not distinct
35
What is shown here?
Arteriole
36
What does the tunica media regulate in arterioles?
blood pressure
37
Identify the arrowed structures, what is this structure?
38
Describe the tunica intima of a muscular artery (medium)
tunica intima small amounts of subendothelial CT present prominent, well-developed inner elastic lamina (IEL)
39
Describe the tunica media of a medium artery
tunica media very thick, 5-40 layers of smooth muscle\* smaller arteries have lower elastic fiber content larger arteries have increasing quantities of elastin ANS control of smooth muscle regulates blood flow some collagen present external elastic lamina well developed (but less visible)
40
Describe the tunica adventitia of a medium artery
tunica adventitia usually thinner than media some elastic fibers usually present near media mostly composed of collagen
41
Describe the tunica intima of large (elastic) arteries
tunica intima endothelial cells may be polygonal subendothelial CT relatively thick with many fibers IEL present, but not as distinct as in muscular arteries
42
Describe the tunica media if large (elastic) arteries
smooth muscle fibers, much elastic fiber accumulation elastic lamina – numerous thin tubular elastic “membranes” high elastic content retains shape while preventing excessive expansion receives excess blood during ventricular contraction diminishes pulsatile delivery to peripheral vessels
43
Will fibroblasts be present in the tunica media of large arteries? Is the external elastic lamina distinct?
fibroblasts may be present external elastic lamina is indistinct due to elastin throughout
44
Describe the tunica adventitia of large arteries
tunica adventitia thinner than media, composed of loosely arranged coliagen bundles spiral longitudinally around vessel overdistention of intima and media prevented by adventitia
45
What is shown here? Stain type?
LArge (elastic) artery wall: H & E stain
46
What is shown here? What is the dark portion? Stain type?
Large artery wall; elastic fibers; Verhoef's Stain (elastic fibers take up silver stain well)
47
Fill in the blanks! What is this specialized structure? What is it's function?
vasa vasorum small nutrient arteries supplying walls of larger arteries
48
What is the carotid body? Where is it found? What does it do?
mass of epithelioid cells and nerve endings found at bifurcation of common carotid artery stimulates respiration in response to lowered blood 02
49
What is the carotid sinus? What does it contain? What does it do?
dilatation of internal carotid artery contains specialized nerve endings sensitive to blood pressure change - increase heart activity
50
What are veins classified as?
venules post-capillary venules (pericytic venules) muscular venules small veins medium veins large veins
51
In veins, are the boundaries between tunica layers distinct?
Not really
52
Describe the tunica intima of veins
very thin smooth muscle, arranged longitudinally diffuse inner elastic lamina - seen only in large veins
53
Describe the tunica media of veins
variable thickness, lacks definition very thin compared with lumen size contains: more collagen than anything else little smooth muscle or elastic fiber content muscle arranged spirally no distinct external elastic lamina
54
Describe the tunica adventitia of veins
thickest-coat smooth muscle & fibrous CT may be present longitudinally or spirally oriented no circular smooth muscle
55
Describe the structure of medium sized veins
thickest-coat smooth muscle & fibrous CT may be present longitudinally or spirally oriented no circular smooth muscle
56
Describe the function/action of valves in veins
absent in portal systems assist under low blood pressure muscular contraction aids blood movement
57
What is shown here? Identify and describe the arrowed structures.
Venule tunica intima composed only of endothelium and basement membrane tunica media very thin may have 1 to 3 smooth muscle layers scattered elastic fibers may be present tunica adventitia thickest part of vessel wall primarily longitudinal collagen bundles
58
Describe the tunica intima of a medium vein
endothelial cells may be polygonal small amount of subendothelial CT longitudinal/spiral smooth muscle fibers IEL diffuse (when present)
59
Describe the tunica media of a medium vein
very thin smooth muscle in spiral bundles separated by collagen more smooth muscle in lower extremity
60
Describe the tunica adventicia of a medium vein
well developed collagen and elastic fibers predominate longitudinal or spiral smooth muscle may be present near media
61
What is shown here? Identify the tagged structures
Medium vein
62
Identify the indicated structures! What is shown here?
Large Vein (Vena cavae, portal vein)
63
What should one look for when comparing arteries and veins?
lumen of artery is always smaller than accompanying vein (or sum of the x-sectional area of accompanying veins) artery wall is thicker than accompanying vein wall (relative to x-sectional area) artery contains: more smooth muscle more elastic fibers all arteries possess an inner elastic lamina vein wall contains: more collagen less smooth muscle veins may have valves
64
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
cardiac muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells produce involuntary contraction specialized striated muscle - can beat rhythmically without external stimuli
65
Cardiac muscle cells exhibit what characteristics?
exhibit the following characteristics: elongated cells which branch and anastomose 50 to 100um in length 15 to 20um in diameter nuclei centrally located cell may be binucleate
66
Where do vaso vasorum end?
Tunica media
67
What is indicated by the boxes? Describe these. What is the brownish oval between them?
Intercalated discs... Sarcomere ends joined by specialized junctional complexes, fascia adherens Oval is blood vessel
68
What is shown here?
fascia adherens modified macula adherens occurs in sheet-like formations
69
What is indicated here?
gap junction for rapid intercellular communication
70
Describe the shown layers...
endocardium innermost layer homolog of tunica intima myocardium primarily cardiac muscle homolog of tunica media
71
Characterize the regeneration of cardiac muscle
regeneration of cardiac muscle is negligible injured tissue replaced by fibrous CT
72
What is the endocardium continuous with?
tunica intima of great vessels
73
What is shown here?
Purkinje Fiber ## Footnote cardiac muscle specialized for impulse conduction contain fewer myofibrils coordinates heart beat high glycogen content
74
what is subendocardial connective tissue responsible for?
responsible for binding endocardium to myocardium loose CT with collagen, elastic fibers, and fat impulse conducting system of heart within this layer
75
Do purkinje fibers recieve direct vascular supply?
No. They rely on diffusion through surrounding tissue. This is important because blockage of surrounding vessels pretty well hoses the fibers.
76
Where is the sino-atrial node located?
located at junction of sup. vena cava & rt. atrium origin of stimulus for atrial contraction
77
Where is the AV node located?
found in interatrial septum near coronary sinus
78
Identify the tagged structures
79
Describe the myocardium. What do the networks consist of?
myocardium – bundled cardiac muscle fibers bundles thick in ventricles, thinner in atria bundles spiral around heart thin CT networks separate muscle bundles networks consist of: collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
80
Where do the capillaries and nerves run in the myocardium?
In the CT
81
Identify the tagged structures
82
How do you distinguish epicardium and endocardium?
Presense of fat in epicardium is the give-away
83
Describe the epicardium
visceral layer of the pericardial sac mesothelium lined fluid-filled (approximately 50 ml). thin layer of loose CT (subepicardium) carries coronary arteries & cardiac veins also carries nerves & ganglia connects serous mesothelium to myocardium fat found in epicardium (especially around vessels) distinguish epicardium from endocardium by fat in epicardium
84
Identify the tagged structure. What is shown in this image?
Epicardium
85
What are the two components of the cardiac skeleton?
Fibrous ring Fibrous trigones
86
Describe the fibrous ring of the cardiac skeleton
dense fibrous connective tissue surrounds AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves of heart composed of collagen and elastic fibers cartilage may be found (may calcify with age) rings provide attachment for cardiac muscle & valves
87
Describe fibrous trigones
thickened areas of dense fibrous CT lies between right and left AV canals and aortic valve membranous part of the atrioventricular septum
88
Describe the heart valves
evaginations of endocardium into AV canals at fibrous rings & at origins of aorta and pulmonary trunk each valve is covered on both sides with endothelium and has a reinforcing core of collagen and elastic fibers
89
Identify the tagged structure. What is shown in the image? How do you know?
Lymph capillary Know by lack of RBC's
90
Lymph is an ultrafiltrate of?
Blood
91
What the hell is this?
("mother of god!" said Steve) Lymph node
92
Lymph is collected from tissue spaces by?
lymphatic capillaries
93
Iymph filtered in nodes transported to cardiovascular system via?
via: lymphatic vessels lymphatic trunks thoracic duct
94
lymphatic capillaries have continuous endothelium lining, special features include:
1. very thin wall 2. irregular lumen diameter (similar to sinusoidal capillaries) 3. valves (more numerous than blood capillaries) 4. incomplete basal laminae (indistinct and irregular, extend anchoring fibrils into surrounding connective tissue 5. absence of junctional elements (present in blood capillaries) 6. originate as blind-ending vessels
95
What is shown here? What is it composed of?
Lymph Valve ## Footnote structure similar to venous valves, except: valve core composed exclusively of collagen III
96
larger lymphatic vessels are structurally similar to veins of comparable size, but not identical, differences include?
thinner walls tunics less distinguishable many valves, with sinuses (dilations) in vessel walls
97
thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct similar in structure to great veins, but not identical, differences include?
thinner walls muscle layers more prominent tunica adventitia not well developed

Cardiovascular I (18 decks)

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