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Cardiovascular I > Cardiovascular Histology - Steve > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Histology - Steve Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

From heart to capillary beds

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2
Q

veins carry blood from… to…

A

Capillary beds to heart

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3
Q

What is the average diameter of a capillary?

A

~8um

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4
Q

Describe capillary structure

A

single layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

surrounded by basement membrane

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5
Q

What should you never see in lymph fluid?

A

Red blood cells

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6
Q

Compare the structure of blood capillaries vs. lymphatics

A

blood capillaries -uniform vessel diameter

lymphatic capillaries - variable lumen size, incomplete BM

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7
Q

most interchange between capillary lumen & extravascular space results from:

A

simple diffusion

rate depends on blood and colloid osmotic pressure

even capillaries w/o fenestrae (pores) very permeable

water

gases

salts

nutrients

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8
Q

How does capillary transport occur for soluble high molecular weight molecules?

A

numerous pinocytotic vesicles are present

50-70nm in diameter

transport soluble high MW molecules across endothelial wall

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9
Q

Describe what you see here

A

A cell passing endothelium by ameboid migration, called diapedesis

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10
Q

What is shown in red?

A

junctions between cells

interdigitations of the adjacent cell membranes

joined by tight junctions

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11
Q

What kind of membrane modifications do some organ capillary endothelium have? What organs have this?

A

thin fenestrae (windows)

e.g. endocrine glands, renal glomerulus, intestinal villi

pores closed by diaphragm thinner than unit membrane

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12
Q

What type of cell is this? If is differentiates into smooth muscle, what function may it have on vessels?

A

Pericyte

May have a contractile function on the vessel

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13
Q

What are capillary support cells derived from (or similar to)? Where are they typically found?

A

mesenchymal-like cells

associated with, and surrounded by, capillary basement membrane

found intermittently

more common on post-capillary venules

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14
Q

Describe the role of pericytes in injury repair

A

in injury repair, can transform:

become vascular sm. muscle

also augment BM production

may function as fixed MØ’s

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15
Q

What is shown here?

A

application of adipose-derived adult stem cells

cells assume pericyte-like morphology
may play future role in wound healing and angiogenesis

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16
Q

What are the capillary types shown here?

A

Continuous capillary

fenestrated capillary

discontinuous capillary (sinusoid)

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17
Q

How do sinusoids differ from true capillaries?

A

larger than capillaries, with an irregular lumen diameter up to 30mm

sinusoidal endothelium

discontinuous in some locations

possess a discontinuous basement membrane

allows close association with parenchyma (functional cells)

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18
Q

Where are sinusoids typically found?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

continuous in some locations

hypophysis, adrenal glands

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19
Q

Some sinusoids possess phagocytic cells (mononuclear phagocytic system) What are two examples of these cells?

A

Macrophages (bone marrow and spleen), kupffer cells (liver)

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20
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

sinusoid of a lymph node

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21
Q

What are the layers indicated by the arrows?

A

tunica intima (TI): nearest the lumen

tunica media (TM): external to the intima

tunica adventitia (TA): outermost vessel coat aka tunica externa

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22
Q

What is the tunica media composed of on the arterial side? It is always the ______ layer on the arterial side.

A

Largely smooth muscle on the arterial side.

largest layer

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23
Q

What layer are we visualizing here? What are the labels associated with the arrows?

A

tunica Intima

endothelium

basement membrane

subendothelial CT

Inner elastic Lamina

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24
Q

Describe the morphology of the tunica intima

A

endothelium surrounds lumen

basement membrane underlies endothelium

subendothelial connective tissue

fibroblasts and CT fibers some of which run longitudinally

inner elastic lamina (IEL)

fenestrated layer composed of accumulated elastic fibers

outermost component of the tunica intima

visible when vessel is >60mm in size

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25
Q

What is shown here?

A

Tunica Adventitia

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26
Q

Describe the morphology of the tunica adventitia

A

morphology of tunica adventitia

composed primarily of moderately dense connective tissue

CT fibers longitudinally arranged

adventitial CT components formed by fibroblasts

adventitia merges with loose connective tissue

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27
Q

What is shown in the two arrows?

A

Tunica Media

Outer Elastic Lamina

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28
Q

Describe the morphology of the tunica media

A

morphology of the tunica media

composed primarily of: smooth muscle

connective tissue fibers

circumferentially arranged

numerous CT fibers formed by specialized smooth muscle cells

fibroblasts may be present or lacking

external elastic lamina (EEL)

concentration of elastic fibers

form outermost component of tunica media

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29
Q

What are the classifications of arteries?

A

arterioles

medium sized (muscular) arteries

large (elastic) arteries

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30
Q

Characterize the transitions between artery types

A

continuous transitions between artery types (no sharp, abrupt changes)

intermediate types, possess characteristics of more than one type

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31
Q

Though always present, you may not be able to clearly discern the inner elastic lamina in…

A

small arterioles (due to lack of fiber mass)

elastic arteries (due to mass of fibers in media)

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32
Q

External elastic lamina will be visible in…

A

larger muscular arteries

smaller elastic arteries

(may be present in all vessels, but:

insufficient fiber mass to make visible,

or volume of fibers makes indiscernable)

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33
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle for an arteriole (generally)

A

1-5 layers of smooth muscle

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34
Q

For tunica intima…

How much subendothelial CT?

Thickness?

Distinct inner elastic lamina?

A

tunica intima

very thin

little, or no subenodothelial CT

inner elastic lamina not distinct

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35
Q

What is shown here?

A

Arteriole

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36
Q

What does the tunica media regulate in arterioles?

A

blood pressure

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37
Q

Identify the arrowed structures, what is this structure?

A
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38
Q

Describe the tunica intima of a muscular artery (medium)

A

tunica intima

small amounts of subendothelial CT present

prominent, well-developed inner elastic lamina (IEL)

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39
Q

Describe the tunica media of a medium artery

A

tunica media

very thick, 5-40 layers of smooth muscle*

smaller arteries have lower elastic fiber content

larger arteries have increasing quantities of elastin

ANS control of smooth muscle regulates blood flow

some collagen present

external elastic lamina well developed (but less visible)

40
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia of a medium artery

A

tunica adventitia

usually thinner than media

some elastic fibers usually present near media

mostly composed of collagen

41
Q

Describe the tunica intima of large (elastic) arteries

A

tunica intima

endothelial cells may be polygonal

subendothelial CT relatively thick with many fibers

IEL present, but not as distinct as in muscular arteries

42
Q

Describe the tunica media if large (elastic) arteries

A

smooth muscle fibers, much elastic fiber accumulation

elastic lamina – numerous thin tubular elastic “membranes”

high elastic content retains shape while preventing excessive expansion

receives excess blood during ventricular contraction

diminishes pulsatile delivery to peripheral vessels

43
Q

Will fibroblasts be present in the tunica media of large arteries? Is the external elastic lamina distinct?

A

fibroblasts may be present

external elastic lamina is indistinct due to elastin throughout

44
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia of large arteries

A

tunica adventitia

thinner than media, composed of loosely arranged coliagen bundles

spiral longitudinally around vessel

overdistention of intima and media prevented by adventitia

45
Q

What is shown here? Stain type?

A

LArge (elastic) artery wall: H & E stain

46
Q

What is shown here? What is the dark portion? Stain type?

A

Large artery wall; elastic fibers; Verhoef’s Stain (elastic fibers take up silver stain well)

47
Q

Fill in the blanks! What is this specialized structure? What is it’s function?

A

vasa vasorum

small nutrient arteries supplying walls of larger arteries

48
Q

What is the carotid body? Where is it found? What does it do?

A

mass of epithelioid cells and nerve endings

found at bifurcation of common carotid artery

stimulates respiration in response to lowered blood 02

49
Q

What is the carotid sinus? What does it contain? What does it do?

A

dilatation of internal carotid artery

contains specialized nerve endings

sensitive to blood pressure change - increase heart activity

50
Q

What are veins classified as?

A

venules

post-capillary venules (pericytic venules)

muscular venules

small veins

medium veins

large veins

51
Q

In veins, are the boundaries between tunica layers distinct?

A

Not really

52
Q

Describe the tunica intima of veins

A

very thin

smooth muscle, arranged longitudinally

diffuse inner elastic lamina - seen only in large veins

53
Q

Describe the tunica media of veins

A

variable thickness, lacks definition

very thin compared with lumen size

contains:

more collagen than anything else

little smooth muscle or elastic fiber content

muscle arranged spirally

no distinct external elastic lamina

54
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia of veins

A

thickest-coat

smooth muscle & fibrous CT may be present

longitudinally or spirally oriented

no circular smooth muscle

55
Q

Describe the structure of medium sized veins

A

thickest-coat

smooth muscle & fibrous CT may be present

longitudinally or spirally oriented

no circular smooth muscle

56
Q

Describe the function/action of valves in veins

A

absent in portal systems

assist under low blood pressure

muscular contraction aids blood movement

57
Q

What is shown here? Identify and describe the arrowed structures.

A

Venule

tunica intima

composed only of endothelium and basement membrane

tunica media

very thin

may have 1 to 3 smooth muscle layers

scattered elastic fibers may be present

tunica adventitia

thickest part of vessel wall

primarily longitudinal collagen bundles

58
Q

Describe the tunica intima of a medium vein

A

endothelial cells may be polygonal

small amount of subendothelial CT

longitudinal/spiral smooth muscle fibers

IEL diffuse (when present)

59
Q

Describe the tunica media of a medium vein

A

very thin

smooth muscle in spiral bundles

separated by collagen

more smooth muscle in lower extremity

60
Q

Describe the tunica adventicia of a medium vein

A

well developed

collagen and elastic fibers predominate

longitudinal or spiral smooth muscle may be present near media

61
Q

What is shown here? Identify the tagged structures

A

Medium vein

62
Q

Identify the indicated structures! What is shown here?

A

Large Vein (Vena cavae, portal vein)

63
Q

What should one look for when comparing arteries and veins?

A

lumen of artery is always smaller than accompanying vein

(or sum of the x-sectional area of accompanying veins)

artery wall is thicker than

accompanying vein wall

(relative to x-sectional area)

artery contains:

more smooth muscle

more elastic fibers

all arteries possess an inner elastic lamina

vein wall contains:

more collagen

less smooth muscle

veins may have valves

64
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells

produce involuntary contraction

specialized striated muscle - can beat rhythmically without external stimuli

65
Q

Cardiac muscle cells exhibit what characteristics?

A

exhibit the following characteristics:

elongated cells which branch and anastomose

50 to 100um in length

15 to 20um in diameter

nuclei centrally located

cell may be binucleate

66
Q

Where do vaso vasorum end?

A

Tunica media

67
Q

What is indicated by the boxes? Describe these. What is the brownish oval between them?

A

Intercalated discs…

Sarcomere ends joined by specialized junctional complexes,

fascia adherens

Oval is blood vessel

68
Q

What is shown here?

A

fascia adherens
modified macula adherens

occurs in sheet-like formations

69
Q

What is indicated here?

A

gap junction

for rapid intercellular communication

70
Q

Describe the shown layers…

A

endocardium

innermost layer

homolog of tunica intima

myocardium

primarily cardiac muscle

homolog of tunica media

71
Q

Characterize the regeneration of cardiac muscle

A

regeneration of cardiac muscle is negligible

injured tissue replaced by fibrous CT

72
Q

What is the endocardium continuous with?

A

tunica intima of great vessels

73
Q

What is shown here?

A

Purkinje Fiber

cardiac muscle specialized for impulse conduction

contain fewer myofibrils

coordinates heart beat

high glycogen content

74
Q

what is subendocardial connective tissue responsible for?

A

responsible for binding endocardium to myocardium

loose CT with collagen, elastic fibers, and fat

impulse conducting system of heart within this layer

75
Q

Do purkinje fibers recieve direct vascular supply?

A

No. They rely on diffusion through surrounding tissue. This is important because blockage of surrounding vessels pretty well hoses the fibers.

76
Q

Where is the sino-atrial node located?

A

located at junction of sup. vena cava & rt. atrium

origin of stimulus for atrial contraction

77
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

found in interatrial septum near coronary sinus

78
Q

Identify the tagged structures

A
79
Q

Describe the myocardium. What do the networks consist of?

A

myocardium – bundled cardiac muscle fibers

bundles thick in ventricles, thinner in atria

bundles spiral around heart

thin CT networks separate muscle bundles

networks consist of: collagen fibers

elastic fibers

reticular fibers

80
Q

Where do the capillaries and nerves run in the myocardium?

A

In the CT

81
Q

Identify the tagged structures

A
82
Q

How do you distinguish epicardium and endocardium?

A

Presense of fat in epicardium is the give-away

83
Q

Describe the epicardium

A

visceral layer of the pericardial sac

mesothelium lined

fluid-filled (approximately 50 ml).

thin layer of loose CT (subepicardium)

carries coronary arteries & cardiac veins

also carries nerves & ganglia

connects serous mesothelium to myocardium

fat found in epicardium (especially around vessels)

distinguish epicardium from endocardium by fat in epicardium

84
Q

Identify the tagged structure. What is shown in this image?

A

Epicardium

85
Q

What are the two components of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Fibrous ring

Fibrous trigones

86
Q

Describe the fibrous ring of the cardiac skeleton

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

surrounds AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves of heart

composed of collagen and elastic fibers

cartilage may be found (may calcify with age)

rings provide attachment for cardiac muscle & valves

87
Q

Describe fibrous trigones

A

thickened areas of dense fibrous CT

lies between right and left AV canals and aortic valve

membranous part of the atrioventricular septum

88
Q

Describe the heart valves

A

evaginations of endocardium into AV canals

at fibrous rings & at origins of aorta and pulmonary trunk

each valve is covered on both sides with endothelium

and has a reinforcing core of collagen and elastic fibers

89
Q

Identify the tagged structure. What is shown in the image?

How do you know?

A

Lymph capillary

Know by lack of RBC’s

90
Q

Lymph is an ultrafiltrate of?

A

Blood

91
Q

What the hell is this?

A

(“mother of god!” said Steve)

Lymph node

92
Q

Lymph is collected from tissue spaces by?

A

lymphatic capillaries

93
Q

Iymph filtered in nodes
transported to cardiovascular system via?

A

via: lymphatic vessels
lymphatic trunks
thoracic duct

94
Q

lymphatic capillaries have continuous endothelium lining, special features include:

A
  1. very thin wall
  2. irregular lumen diameter (similar to sinusoidal capillaries)
  3. valves (more numerous than blood capillaries)
  4. incomplete basal laminae (indistinct and irregular, extend anchoring fibrils into surrounding connective tissue
  5. absence of junctional elements (present in blood capillaries)
  6. originate as blind-ending vessels
95
Q

What is shown here? What is it composed of?

A

Lymph Valve

structure similar to venous valves, except: valve core composed exclusively of collagen III

96
Q

larger lymphatic vessels are structurally similar to veins of comparable size, but not identical, differences include?

A

thinner walls
tunics less distinguishable
many valves, with sinuses (dilations) in vessel walls

97
Q

thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct similar in structure to great veins, but not identical, differences include?

A

thinner walls
muscle layers more prominent
tunica adventitia not well developed

Cardiovascular I (18 decks)

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