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OSCE > Cardiovascular Examination - Signs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Examination - Signs Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of cyanosis

A
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Heart failure
  • Hypoxia
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2
Q

What does low hand temperature (hands cold to touch) indicate?

A
  • Hypovolaemia
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3
Q

What do sweaty / clammy hands indicate?

A
  • Acute coronary syndrome
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4
Q

1) How long is the normal capillary refill time?
2) What does a prolonged capillary refill time suggest?

A

1) ~ 2 secs

2)

  • Hypovolaemia
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5
Q

What does tendon xanthomata suggest?

A
  • Hyperlipidaemia
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6
Q

What does Quincke’s sign indicate?

A
  • Heart failure
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7
Q

What does Koilonychia suggest?

A
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
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8
Q

What do splinter haemorrhages suggest?

A
  • Bacterial endocarditis
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9
Q

What do Janeway lesions suggest?

A
  • Bacterial endocarditis
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10
Q

What do Osler’s nodes suggest?

A
  • Infective endocarditis
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11
Q

What are the 3 causes of clubbing (in terms of CVS presentations)?

A
  1. Cyanotic congenital heart disease
  2. Infective endocarditis
  3. Atrial myxoma
  • C.I.A.
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12
Q

Give the peripheral stigmata of endocarditis (both bacterial and infective)

A
  1. Splinter haemorrhages
  2. Janeway lesions
  3. Osler’s nodes
  4. Clubbing
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13
Q

What are the causes of radio-radial delay?

A
  • Subclavian artery stenosis
  • Aortic dissection
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14
Q

Give 5 pathological causes of collapsing pulse

A
  1. Aortic regurgitation
  2. Patent ductus arteriosus
  3. Anaemia
  4. AV fistula
  5. Thyrotoxicosis
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15
Q

1) What causes a narrow pulse pressure?
2) What causes a wide pulse pressure?

A

1)

  • Aortic stenosis

2)

  • Aortic regurgitation
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16
Q

What causes malar flush?

A
  • Mitral stenosis - CO2 retention associated vasodilation
17
Q

What does Xanthelasma suggest?

A
  • Hyperlipidaemia
18
Q

What does corneal arcus suggest?

A
  • Hyperlipidaemia
19
Q

What does conjunctival pallor suggest?

A
  • Anaemia
20
Q

What does scleral icterus suggest?

A
  • Jaundice
21
Q

What could poor dentition possibly indicate?

A
  • Bacterial endocarditis
22
Q

What are 2 possible causes of angular stomatitis?

A
  1. Iron deficiency anaemia
  2. B12 deficiency
23
Q

1) What is a cause of high arched palate?
2) What CVS implications might this cause have?

A

1)

  • Marfan’s syndrome

2)

  • Higher risk of aortic aneurysm
  • Higher risk of aortic dissection
24
Q

What does a slow-rising pulse wave contour suggest?

A
  • Aortic stenosis
25
Q

Give 3 causes of raised JVP

A
  1. Fluid overload
  2. Right ventricular failure
  3. Tricuspid regurgitation
26
Q

1) Identify each scar here and what they might be for - note 3 of them can be bunched together as the same type of scar
2) There is one scar missing from this diagram that you might see in the OSCE, what is it and what is it for?

A

1)

  • Thoracotomy - valve surgery
  • Midline sternotomy - CABG / valve surgery
  • Clavicular - pacemaker

2)

  • Left mid-axillary line - subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator
27
Q

What could cause visible pulsations upon inspection of the chest?

A
  • HTN
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
28
Q

What causes heaves?

A
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
29
Q

What causes thrills?

A
  • Turbulent blood flow through heart valves
30
Q

What are the 2 accentuation maneuvres when auscultating, how are they carried out and what do they test for?

A
  • Sit patient forward and auscultate over aortic area when you get the patient to hold their breath on expiration - tests for aortic regurgitation murmurs
  • Roll patient onto LHS and listen over mitral area with the bell of the stethoscope during expiration - mitral stenosis / regurgitation murmurs
31
Q

1) When auscultating the lower lobes of the lungs in the CVS exam, what might crackles indicate?
2) What might absent lung sounds indicate?
3) What might crackles but without other signs of fluid overload indicate?

A

1)

  • Pulmonary oedema

2)

  • Pulmonary effusion

3)

  • Pulmonary fibrosis
32
Q

What further investigations might you like done? - To be mentioned when concluding the CVS exam

A
  • Basic patient observations
  • Urinary dipstick
  • Fundoscopy

OSCE (5 decks)

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