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OSCE > Abdominal Examination - Signs > Flashcards

Abdominal Examination - Signs Flashcards

1
Q

What might palmar erythema suggest?

A
  • Liver failure
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2
Q

Give 3 abdo causes of clubbing

A
  1. IBD
  2. Coeliac’s
  3. Cirrhosis
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3
Q

Cause of koilonychia?

A
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
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4
Q

What is the underlying cause of leukonychia and give 3 pathologies that lead to this?

A
  • Hypoalbuminaemia
  1. Chronic liver disease
  2. Nephrotic syndrome
  3. Enteropathy
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5
Q

Cause of Dupuytren’s contracture?

A
  • Alcoholic cirrhosis
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6
Q

Give 3 causes for a hepatic flap

A
  1. Hepatic encephalopathy
  2. Uraemia
  3. CO2 retention
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7
Q

Cause of conjunctival pallor

A
  • Anaemia
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8
Q

Cause of scleral icterus and give 4 causes of this cause

A
  • Due to jaundice. Jaundice may be due to…
  1. Haemolysis
  2. Hepatitis
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Biliary obstruction
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9
Q

Cause of xanthelasma?

A
  • Hyperlipidaemia
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10
Q

2 causes of apthous ulcers?

A
  1. Crohn’s
  2. Coeliac’s
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11
Q

2 causes of angular stomatitis?

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. B12 deficiency
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12
Q

3 causes of atrophic glossitis?

A
  1. Iron defiency
  2. B12 deficiency
  3. Folate deficiency
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13
Q

2 causes of oral candidiasis?

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. Immunodeficiency
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14
Q

On what side is Virchow’s node and what does it suggest?

A
  • Left hand side supraclavicular fosssa
  • Gastric malignancy
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15
Q

When performing cervical lymph node examination, what might lymphadenopathy suggest - 3 causes?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Malignancy
  3. Sarcoidosis
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16
Q

1) How to check suspected spider naevi?
2) What are the causes of spider naevia?

A

1)

Press in the middle and then let go to check for central filling of colour

2)

  • Chronic liver disease
  • Cirrhosis
17
Q

Give 3 causes of gynaecomastia

A
  1. Liver cirrhosis
  2. Digoxin
  3. Spironolactone
18
Q

Give 3 causes of abnormal hair distribution in the abdo exam

A
  1. Pseudofeminisation
  2. Malnourishment
  3. Iron deficiency anaemia
19
Q

Scars

List 3 common scars you might find and what they could be for

A
  1. Midline - laparotomy
  2. RIF - appendectomy
  3. Right subcostal - cholecystectomy
20
Q

What are the 5 causes of abdominal distension (not including masses)?

A
  1. Fat
  2. Fluid (ascites)
  3. Faeces (constipation)
  4. Flatus
  5. Foetus
21
Q

2 causes of visible abdominal masses?

A
  1. Malignancy
  2. Organomegaly
22
Q

What are caput medusae and what causes them?

A
  • Engorged paraumbilical veins
  • Portal HTN
23
Q

1) What, and where are Cullen’s and Grey-Turner’s sign
2) Causes?

A

1)

  • Cullen’s = paraumbilical bruising
  • Grey-Turner’s = flank bruising

2)

  • Retroperitoneal bleeding due to:
  1. Pancreatitis
  2. Ruptured AAA
24
Q

Give the 3 common stomas / nephrostomies (basic level not in-depth), and their location

A
  1. Colostomy (LIF) - large intestine - hard stool
  2. Ileostomy (RIF) - small intestine - soft stool
  3. Urostomy (RIF) - urine
25
Q

Causes of guarding?

A
26
Q

Causes of rebound tenderness?

A
  • Peritonitis
27
Q

Common causes for liver enlargement - a form of organomegaly felt on palpation

A
  • Cirrhosis
  • Malignancy
  • Benign tumour
  • Polycystic liver disease
  • Abscesses
28
Q

What are the common causes of splenomegaly, emphasis on the abdo cause?

A
  • Portal HTN
  • ​Haemolytic anaemia
  • Infection e.g. mononucleiosis
  • Sickle-cell disease
29
Q

What 2 signs together make you worry about portal HTN?

A
  • Caput medusae + splenomegaly
30
Q

Cause of shifting dullness?

Give 2 abdo causes of this cause

A

1)

  • Ascites

2)

  • Cirrhosis
  • Pancreatitis
31
Q

2 causes of absent bowel sounds?

A
  1. Ileus
  2. Peritonitis
32
Q

What causes high-pitched tinkling sound on auscultation of bowel sounds?

A
  • Bowel obstruction

OSCE (5 decks)

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